Sittings · Document

Draft report (2025/2179(INI)) 2026-03-05

Countering transnational repression – towards an EU strategy to protect Europe’s sovereignty and democratic values

Committee on Foreign Affairs

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Amendment 1

Antonio López-Istúriz White

Motion for a resolution

Citation 1

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to the founding values of the European Union of human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights,

– having regard to Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union, which enshrines the Union’s founding values of human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities;

Or. en

Amendment 2

Alexander Sell

Motion for a resolution

Citation 1 a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to Article 4(2) of the Treaty on European Union,

Or. en

Amendment 3

Alexander Sell

Motion for a resolution

Citation 1 b (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to Article 72 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,

Or. en

Amendment 4

Antonio López-Istúriz White

Motion for a resolution

Citation 2

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to the increasing acts of transnational repression, and to the responsibility of Member States to protect all people residing within their territory,

– having regard to the growing number of reported cases of transnational repression, and to the responsibility of Member States to protect all people residing within their territory,

Or. en

Amendment 5

António Tânger Corrêa, Jaroslav Bžoch

Motion for a resolution

Citation 3 a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to Article 4(2) TEU, which provides that national security remains the sole responsibility of each Member State, and to Article 5 TEU on the principles of conferral, subsidiarity and proportionality,

Or. en

Amendment 6

Helmut Brandstätter

Motion for a resolution

Citation 4 a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,

Or. en

Amendment 7

António Tânger Corrêa, Jaroslav Bžoch

Motion for a resolution

Citation 7

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to the UN Human Rights Council resolutions of 4 April 2025 entitled ‘Human rights defenders and new and emerging technologies: protecting human rights defenders, including women human rights defenders, in the digital age’ and of 1 July 2025 entitled ‘Civil society space’,

deleted

Or. en

Amendment 8

Michał Kobosko, Hilde Vautmans, Dan Barna, Engin Eroglu, Nathalie Loiseau

Motion for a resolution

Citation 7 a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard Statement by a group of independent UN human rights experts, expressing concern about the proliferation of trials in absentia1a, published on 22 January 2025,

_________________

1a https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/01/belarus-un-experts-alarmed-about-widespread-absentia-trials

Or. en

Amendment 9

Michał Kobosko, Hilde Vautmans, Dan Barna, Engin Eroglu, Nathalie Loiseau

Motion for a resolution

Citation 7 b (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard Report by the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Belarus1a, published on 22 July 2025,

_________________

1a https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/country-reports/a80217-situation-human-rights-belarus

Or. en

Amendment 10

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Citation 8 a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to the statement by the High Commissioner for Human Rights on improving protection for human rights defenders of 13 January 2025,

Or. en

Amendment 11

Antonio López-Istúriz White

Motion for a resolution

Citation 9

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to the ‘Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations ‘Protect, Respect and Remedy’ Framework’ endorsed in UN Human Rights Council Resolution 17/4 of 16 June 2011,

deleted

Or. en

Amendment 12

Engin Eroglu, Helmut Brandstätter, Marjan Šarec, Lucia Yar, Petras Auštrevičius

Motion for a resolution

Citation 9 a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to the Annual report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General “A/HRC/60/62: Cooperation with the United Nations, its representatives and mechanisms in the field of human rights - Report of the Secretary General” of September 2025,

Or. en

Amendment 13

António Tânger Corrêa, Jaroslav Bžoch

Motion for a resolution

Citation 11

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to the Council conclusions of 27 January 2025 on EU Priorities in UN Human Rights Fora in 2025,

deleted

Or. en

Amendment 14

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Citation 11 a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to the Council Conclusions on EU Priorities in UN Human Rights Fora in 2026 of 30 January 2026,

Or. en

Amendment 15

António Tânger Corrêa, Jaroslav Bžoch

Motion for a resolution

Citation 13

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 October 2022 on a Single Market For Digital Services and amending Directive 2000/31/EC (Digital Services Act)3 ,

deleted

_________________

3 OJ L 277, 27.10.2022, p. 1, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/2065/oj.

Or. en

Amendment 16

Antonio López-Istúriz White

Motion for a resolution

Citation 13

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

deleted

_________________

3 OJ L 277, 27.10.2022, p. 1, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/2065/oj.

Or. en

Amendment 17

Sebastian Tynkkynen

Motion for a resolution

Citation 13

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

deleted

_________________

3 OJ L 277, 27.10.2022, p. 1, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/2065/oj.

Or. en

Amendment 18

Nathalie Loiseau

Motion for a resolution

Citation 13 a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to its resolution of 9 March 2022 on foreign interference in all democratic processes in the European Union, including disinformation,

Or. en

Amendment 19

Nathalie Loiseau

Motion for a resolution

Citation 13 b (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to its resolution of 1 June 2023 on foreign interference in all democratic processes in the European Union, including disinformation,

Or. en

Amendment 20

Nathalie Loiseau

Motion for a resolution

Citation 13 c (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to the works of the European Parliament Special committee on the Europeand Democracy Shield;

Or. en

Amendment 21

António Tânger Corrêa, Jaroslav Bžoch

Motion for a resolution

Citation 14

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to Directive (EU) 2024/1760 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 on corporate sustainability due diligence and amending Directive (EU) 2019/1937 and Regulation (EU) 2023/28594 ,

deleted

_________________

4 OJ L, 2024/1760, 5.7.2024, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/1760/oj.

Or. en

Amendment 22

Antonio López-Istúriz White

Motion for a resolution

Citation 14

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

deleted

_________________

4 OJ L, 2024/1760, 5.7.2024, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/1760/oj.

Or. en

Amendment 23

António Tânger Corrêa, Jaroslav Bžoch

Motion for a resolution

Citation 15

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to the 2024 EU Annual Report on Human Rights and Democracy in the World,

deleted

Or. en

Amendment 24

Antonio López-Istúriz White

Motion for a resolution

Citation 15

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to the 2024 EU Annual Report on Human Rights and Democracy in the World,

– having regard to the 2024 and to the 2025 EU Annual Report on Human Rights and Democracy in the World,

Or. en

Amendment 25

António Tânger Corrêa, Jaroslav Bžoch

Motion for a resolution

Citation 16

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to the Commission communication of 12 November 2025 entitled ‘EU Strategy for Civil Society’ (COM(2025)0790),

deleted

Or. en

Amendment 26

Mariusz Kamiński, Małgorzata Gosiewska

Motion for a resolution

Citation 17

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

— having regard to its recommendation of 15 June 2023 to the Council and the Commission following the investigation of alleged contraventions and maladministration in the application of Union law in relation to the use of Pegasus and equivalent surveillance spyware5,

deleted

_________________

5 OJ C, C/2024/494, 23.1.2024, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/C/2024/494/oj.

Or. pl

Amendment 27

Antonio López-Istúriz White

Motion for a resolution

Citation 17

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to its recommendation of 15 June 2023 to the Council and the Commission following the investigation of alleged contraventions and maladministration in the application of Union law in relation to the use of Pegasus and equivalent surveillance spyware5 ,

deleted

_________________

5 OJ C, C/2024/494, 23.1.2024, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/C/2024/494/oj.

Or. en

Amendment 28

Tomasz Froelich

Motion for a resolution

Citation 18

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to the joint communication of the Commission and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy of 12 November 2025 entitled ‘European Democracy Shield: Empowering Strong and Resilient Democracies’ (JOIN(2025)0791),

deleted

Or. en

Amendment 29

António Tânger Corrêa, Jaroslav Bžoch

Motion for a resolution

Citation 18

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

deleted

Or. en

Amendment 30

Mariusz Kamiński, Małgorzata Gosiewska

Motion for a resolution

Citation 18

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

— having regard to the joint communication of the Commission and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy of 12 November 2025 entitled ‘European Democracy Shield: Empowering Strong and Resilient Democracies’ (JOIN(2025)0791),

deleted

Or. pl

Amendment 31

António Tânger Corrêa, Jaroslav Bžoch

Motion for a resolution

Citation 19

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to the joint communication of the Commission and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy of 5 June 2025 entitled ‘An International Digital Strategy for the European Union’ (JOIN(2025)0140),

deleted

Or. en

Amendment 32

Sebastian Tynkkynen

Motion for a resolution

Citation 19 a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to its resolution of 22 January 2026 on the brutal repression against protesters in Iran5a,

_________________

5a Texts adopted, P10_TA(2026)0023.

Or. en

Amendment 33

Engin Eroglu, Helmut Brandstätter, Marjan Šarec, Lucia Yar, Petras Auštrevičius

Motion for a resolution

Citation 19 a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) decision in the case of Liu v. Poland from October 2022,

Or. en

Amendment 34

António Tânger Corrêa, Jaroslav Bžoch

Motion for a resolution

Citation 20

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to its resolution of 13 November 2025 on addressing transnational repression of human rights defenders6 ,

deleted

_________________

6 Texts adopted, P10_TA(2025)0258.

Or. en

Amendment 35

Antonio López-Istúriz White

Motion for a resolution

Citation 20 a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to its resolution of 21 January 2026 on addressing impunity through EU sanctions, including the EU Global Human Rights Sanctions Regime (so-called “EU Magnitsky Act”),

Or. en

Amendment 36

Helmut Brandstätter

Motion for a resolution

Citation 21 a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to the Constitution of the International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO-Interpol), in particular Article 2, which requires the organisation to act in the spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,

Or. en

Amendment 37

Sebastian Tynkkynen

Motion for a resolution

Citation 21 a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to its resolution of 8 May 2025 on violations of religious freedom in Tibet7a,

_________________

7a Texts adopted, P10_TA(2025)0097.

Or. en

Amendment 38

Sebastian Tynkkynen

Motion for a resolution

Citation 21 b (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard its resolution of 23 November 2022 on recognising the Russian Federation as a state sponsor of terrorism7b,

_________________

7b Texts adopted, P9_TA(2022)0405.

Or. en

Amendment 39

Petar Volgin

Motion for a resolution

Citation 23 a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to the US House of Representatives Judiciary Committee interim staff report of 25 July 2025 entitled ‘The Foreign Censorship Threat: How the European Union’s Digital Services Act Compels Global Censorship and Infringes on American Free Speech’,

Or. en

Amendment 40

Petar Volgin

Motion for a resolution

Citation 23 b (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to the US House of Representatives Judiciary Committee interim staff report of 3 February 2026 entitled ‘The Foreign Censorship Threat, Part II: Europe's Decade-Long Campaign to Censor the Global Internet and How it Harms American Speech in the United States’,

Or. en

Amendment 41

Tomasz Froelich

Motion for a resolution

Citation 28

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to the annual report published by the German Federal Ministry of the Interior in June 2025 entitled ‘Verfassungsschutzbericht 2024’,

deleted

Or. en

Amendment 42

Mariusz Kamiński, Małgorzata Gosiewska

Motion for a resolution

Citation 28

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

— having regard to the annual report published by the German Federal Ministry of the Interior in June 2025 entitled ‘Verfassungsschutzbericht 2024’,

– having regard to reports by the services of EU Member States and Australia, New Zealand, the UK, the USA and Canada pointing to the systemic use of transnational repression by authoritarian regimes such as China, Russia and Belarus;

Or. pl

Amendment 43

Sebastian Tynkkynen

Motion for a resolution

Citation 28 a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regards to the investigation “China Targets” by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists9a,

_________________

9a https://www.icij.org/investigations/china-targets/

Or. en

Amendment 44

Petras Auštrevičius

Motion for a resolution

Citation 30 a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

– having regard to the research report published by The International Strategic Action Network for Security in September 2025 entitled ‘Transnational repression in Belarus: a brutal tool of the persecution of dissent by the Lukashenka regime’,

Or. en

Amendment 45

Antonio López-Istúriz White

Motion for a resolution

Recital -A (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

-A. whereas transnational repression (TNR) is a well-documented and growing phenomenon, taking place in a challenging context marked by the deterioration of human rights, restrictions on fundamental freedoms and civic space, and the increasingly assertive behaviour of certain authoritarian regimes;

Or. en

Amendment 46

Antonio López-Istúriz White

Motion for a resolution

Recital -A a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

-A a. whereas there is no universally adopted definition of transnational repression and official data remains limited, which creates challenges for prevention, identification and effective policy responses; whereas transnational repression represents a direct challenge to European sovereignty, democratic values and security, and requires to address this threat effectively a firm, coordinated and strategic response at national and EU level;

Or. en

Amendment 47

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A. whereas transnational repression (TNR) is a deliberate practice whereby states or their proxies reach beyond their borders to intimidate, silence, coerce or harm individuals or groups residing abroad, thus undermining fundamental human rights, democratic participation, the rule of law and the sovereignty of host states;

A. whereas Transnational Repression (TNR) is a deliberate practice whereby states or their proxies reach across borders and perform acts outside their territorial jurisdiction to intimidate, silence, coerce or harm individuals or groups residing abroad, thereby undermining fundamental human rights, democratic participation, the rule of law and the sovereignty and security of host states; whereas TNR is a continuation of human rights violations in the countries of origin; whereas increased human rights violations in the countries of origin often go hand in hand with increased TNR activity abroad;

Or. en

Amendment 48

Mariusz Kamiński, Małgorzata Gosiewska

Motion for a resolution

Recital A

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A. whereas transnational repression (TNR) is a deliberate practice whereby states or entities acting on their behalf reach beyond their borders and take action beyond their territorial jurisdiction, or action on their own territory that has transnational effects, to intimidate, silence, pressure, coerce or harm individuals or groups abroad, thus undermining their fundamental human rights and opportunity for democratic participation and violating the rule of law, sovereignty and security of host states.

Or. pl

Amendment 49

Sebastian Tynkkynen

Motion for a resolution

Recital A

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A. whereas transnational repression (TNR) is a deliberate practice whereby regimes, states or their proxies reach beyond their borders to intimidate, silence, coerce or harm individuals or groups residing abroad, in particular members of diaspora communities, dissidents, exiles, journalists, human rights defenders, political activists, as well as their support networks or families, thus undermining fundamental human rights, democratic participation, the rule of law and the sovereignty of host states;

Or. en

Amendment 50

António Tânger Corrêa, Jaroslav Bžoch

Motion for a resolution

Recital A

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

Or. en

Amendment 51

Jan Farský

Motion for a resolution

Recital A

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A. whereas transnational repression (TNR) is a deliberate and systematic practice whereby states or their proxies reach beyond their borders to intimidate, silence, coerce or harm individuals or groups residing abroad, using both physical and non-physical means, thus undermining fundamental human rights, democratic participation, the rule of law and the sovereignty of host states and constituting a form of foreign interference;

Or. en

Amendment 52

Helmut Brandstätter

Motion for a resolution

Recital A

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A. whereas transnational repression (TNR) is a deliberate practice whereby states or their proxies reach beyond their borders to intimidate, silence, coerce , assassinate, abduct, or harm in any other way individuals or groups residing abroad or their support networks as well as their family members, thus undermining fundamental human rights, democratic participation, the rule of law and the sovereignty of host states;

Or. en

Amendment 53

Marta Temido, Nacho Sánchez Amor, Thijs Reuten, Sandra Gómez López, Chloé Ridel, Andreas Schieder, Matjaž Nemec

Motion for a resolution

Recital A

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A. whereas transnational repression (TNR) is a deliberate practice whereby states or their proxies reach beyond their borders to intimidate, silence, coerce or harm individuals or groups residing abroad with a national connection to the perpetrating state, deemed to represent a threat to their interests thus undermining fundamental human rights, democratic participation, the rule of law and the sovereignty of host states;

Or. en

Amendment 54

Engin Eroglu, Helmut Brandstätter, Marjan Šarec, Lucia Yar, Petras Auštrevičius

Motion for a resolution

Recital A

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A. whereas transnational repression (TNR) is a deliberate targeted and repressive practice whereby states or their proxies reach beyond their borders to intimidate, silence, abduct, coerce, or otherwise harm individuals or groups residing abroad, thus undermining fundamental human rights, democratic participation, the rule of law and the sovereignty of host states;

Or. en

Amendment 55

Miriam Lexmann

Motion for a resolution

Recital A

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A. whereas transnational repression (TNR) is a deliberate targeted and represive practice whereby states or their proxies reach beyond their borders to intimidate, silence, coerce or harm individuals or groups residing abroad, thus undermining fundamental human rights, democratic participation, the rule of law and the sovereignty of host states;

Or. en

Amendment 56

Nacho Sánchez Amor, Marta Temido, Matjaž Nemec, Chloé Ridel

Motion for a resolution

Recital A a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A a. whereas financial transnational repression refers to the manipulation and advantegous misuse by foreign governments or aligned non-state actors of lawful international financial regulatory frameworks — including Financial Action Task Force (FATF) recommendations, national anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing legislation (AML/CFT), as well as cybersecurity rules, mutual legal assistance treaties and related data-sharing mechanisms — to silence, intimidate, surveil and generally repress individuals and entities beyond their territorial jurisdiction, including in EU territory; whereas financial transnational repression implies therefore asset freezing, de-risking and denial of banking access, exploitation of financial intelligence and personal behavioural data, targeted misinformation to damage economic reputation, and politically motivated legal proceedings framed as financial crime, national security or terrorism risk; whereas these practices deprive targeted individuals and organisations of funding and financial services, and leave them in financial exclusion; whereas this situation impairs their access to legal defence, and undermines their livelihoods, mobility and the ability to engage in economic, civic, political, humanitarian and academic activities; whereas the Authority for Anti-Money Laundering and Countering the Financing of Terrorism (AMLA) constitutes a key EU safeguard point that must develop rapid-response mechanisms against abusive freezes and closures and establish strict limits on data-sharing with perpetrator states;

Or. en

Amendment 57

Merja Kyllönen

Motion for a resolution

Recital A a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A a. whereas transnational repression constitutes a growing and systematic threat to the sovereignty, rule of law and fundamental rights of the Union, in particular in situations where foreign powers seek to influence persons present on the territory of the Union by means of pressure, intimidation or surveillance; whereas fragmented national approaches and a lack of coordination between Member States undermine the Union's ability to identify, prevent and combat such systematic actions effectively and consistently; whereas the European Union is founded on values including respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, and whereas the protection of these values requires a coherent and determined response to external pressure on the territory of the Union; whereas the European External Action Service, Europol and Eurojust play a key role in combating cross-border threats and cooperation between them and the exchange of information with the competent authorities of the Member States must be strengthened as part of a coordinated response framework at EU level;

Or. en

Amendment 58

Miriam Lexmann

Motion for a resolution

Recital A a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A a. whereas the Chinese government actively pursues transnational repression to silence critics, political opposition and members of diaspora groups, including through clandestine operations; whereas reports from human rights organizations indicate that the PRC is the most prolific practitioner of transnational repression globally, utilizing a sophisticated toolkit of digital surveillance, the harassment of family members, and tactics to involuntarily return individuals; whereas the Chinese government according to reports by Human Rights defenders utilises a widespread network of undercover police stations and other proxy actors operating on European soil without legal basis; whereas these networks enable the Chinese state to conduct pervasive surveillance of individuals and to involuntary return them to China through coercion, including through threats against relatives in China, and physical abductions; whereas such activities represent a flagrant violation of national, European and international law as well as the territorial integrity of EU Member States;

Or. en

Amendment 59

Pernando Barrena Arza

Motion for a resolution

Recital A a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A a. whereas transnational repression entails sustained, often invisible harm such as self-censorship, withdrawal from public life, social isolation, and long-term insecurity, and is too often misrepresented as isolated acts rather than a deliberate strategy to instill fear, divide communities, and silence dissent; whereas the absence of visible violence does not equate to safety or freedom, as fear, intimidation, and economic pressure are frequently intended outcomes compelling individuals to limit or cease legitimate activities; whereas these cumulative effects necessitate not only immediate protection but also access to effective remedies and sustained recovery measures, including compensation, relocation assistance and professional reintegration;

Or. en

Amendment 60

Engin Eroglu, Helmut Brandstätter, Marjan Šarec, Lucia Yar, Petras Auštrevičius

Motion for a resolution

Recital A a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A a. whereas the Hong Kong 2020 National Security Law (NSL) and the 2024 Safeguarding National Security Ordinance (SNSO) both claim extraterritorial jurisdiction; whereas the Hong Kong authorities have weaponized these laws to practice transnational repression, including through targeting European politicians, notably Danish MPs Uffe Elbæk and Katarina Ammitzbøll, by threatening them with criminal prosecution and seeking their extradition, as well as through the issuance of arrest warrants and bounties against activists and academics residing in the EU, and have publicly committed to 'lifelong pursuit' and 'spare no effort' in targeting individuals that reside outside Hong Kong;

Or. en

Amendment 61

Helmut Brandstätter

Motion for a resolution

Recital A a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A a. whereas TNR is often used against European policymakers and officials; whereas Russia’s Wagner group, renowned for the practice of murdering their opponents with sledgehammer, in 2022 sent threatening letters to - back then MEPs - Andrius Kubilius and Viola von Cramon, demanding financial compensation for their plenary speeches; whereas US administration have threatened EU officials with personal sanctions in case of upholding the EU’s digital rules;

Or. en

Amendment 62

Petar Volgin

Motion for a resolution

Recital A a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A a. whereas TNR is a global phenomenon carried out by a variety of actors and political systems, and should not be framed solely as a practice of authoritarian regimes; whereas acts with extraterritorial effects that seek to silence or constrain lawful expression abroad can occur in different political contexts and may trigger retaliatory measures by third countries, thereby escalating geopolitical tensions and undermining international trust;

Or. en

Amendment 63

Nathalie Loiseau

Motion for a resolution

Recital A a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A a. whereas dissidents, political opponents, journalists and human rights defenders that have been granted asylum in the EU are still the target of persecution, harassment, violence and assassination attempts, whereas this repression also targets academics, journalists, lawyers, human rights defenders from EU Member States shedding light on a repressive or authoritarian government;

Or. en

Amendment 64

Thijs Reuten

Motion for a resolution

Recital A a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A a. whereas all European citizens, irrespective of their ethnic or national origin, enjoy equal rights and protections under EU law, including those guaranteed by the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union; whereas the individual rights of all EU citizens must be safeguarded and upheld by the competent national and EU authorities;

Or. en

Amendment 65

Antonio López-Istúriz White

Motion for a resolution

Recital A a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A a. whereas transnational repression is carried out through a wide range of methods, including physical violence, abductions, unlawful extraditions, threats against family members, misuse of international law enforcement cooperation, surveillance, cyberattacks and digital harassment;

Or. en

Amendment 66

Sebastian Tynkkynen

Motion for a resolution

Recital A a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A a. whereas foreign actors have systematically carried out TNR against individuals and groups residing in EU Member States; whereas TNR constitutes a serious threat to the security of European societies;

Or. en

Amendment 67

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A a. whereas the European Union is founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights;

Or. en

Amendment 68

Petras Auštrevičius

Motion for a resolution

Recital A a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A a. whereas among targets of TNR are thousands of pro-democracy figures who were forced to flee their countries of origin due to domestic repression;

Or. en

Amendment 69

Alexander Sell

Motion for a resolution

Recital A a (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A a. whereas national security remains the sole responsibility of each Member State;

Or. en

Amendment 70

Engin Eroglu, Helmut Brandstätter, Marjan Šarec, Lucia Yar, Petras Auštrevičius

Motion for a resolution

Recital A b (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A b. whereas in March 2021 China imposed sanctions on European individuals and entities, including five Members of the European Parliament, the European Parliament's Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Political and Security Committee of the Council of the European Union, three national MPs, as well as two European scholars, the Germany-based think tank MERICS and the Alliance of Democracies Foundation in Denmark; whereas such actions exemplify the reach and determination of Chinese transnational repression, aimed at punishing individuals for exercising their fundamental right to free expression and at deterring the Union from upholding its values-based foreign policy; whereas the Chinese side decided in 2025 to unilaterally lift “restrictions” against Members of the European Parliament; Whereas 100 European citizens are still affected by the March 2021 sanctions;

Or. en

Amendment 71

Helmut Brandstätter

Motion for a resolution

Recital A b (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A b. whereas the misuse of international tools for police cooperation and crime control has become one of the most used systematic methods of transnational repression employed by authoritarian regimes; whereas the number of International Criminal Police Organization’s (Interpol) red notices and Diffusions has increased dramatically over the last decade; whereas the sharing of Interpol data, including for red notices and diffusions, can very dangerously expose the persons targeted by the autocratic actors;

Or. en

Amendment 72

Pernando Barrena Arza

Motion for a resolution

Recital A b (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A b. whereas transnational repression affects individuals differently depending on their gender, sexual orientation, racial, ethnic or religious background, migration status and socio-economic position; whereas intersecting forms of discrimination and structural inequalities in both countries of origin and host states may compound exposure to intimidation, surveillance and coercion, and further restrict access to protection and remedies;

Or. en

Amendment 73

Petar Volgin

Motion for a resolution

Recital A b (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A b. whereas the EU must ensure that its own policies and regulatory frameworks do not create effects that could be perceived as extraterritorial attempts to control speech or political debate outside the Union, as such practices may themselves constitute forms of transnational pressure and may provoke reciprocal actions against European citizens, companies and institutions abroad;

Or. en

Amendment 74

Petras Auštrevičius

Motion for a resolution

Recital A b (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A b. whereas the rapid development of information and communication technologies has led to a significant increase in the number and scale of TNR practices; whereas the rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has exponentially increased TNR's reach and impact by enabling authorities to perform facial recognition, behavior analysis, and real-time data processing;

Or. en

Amendment 75

Alexander Sell

Motion for a resolution

Recital A b (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A b. whereas the maintenance of law and order and the safeguarding of internal security are the responsibility of the Member States; whereas the exercise of criminal law enforcement powers, intelligence activities and consular functions primarily falls within the competence of the Member States;

Or. en

Amendment 76

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A b (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A b. whereas TNR undermines these founding values; whereas addressing TNR is an essential part of the protection of both human rights in the Union, the promotion of human rights and democracy in its external policies and actions, and the defence of EU sovereignty and security;

Or. en

Amendment 77

Miriam Lexmann

Motion for a resolution

Recital A b (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A b. whereas the Hong Kong 2020 National Security Law (NSL) and the 2024 Safeguarding National Security Ordinance (SNSO) both claim extraterritorial jurisdiction; whereas the Hong Kong authorities have weaponized these laws to practice transnational repression;

Or. en

Amendment 78

Antonio López-Istúriz White

Motion for a resolution

Recital A b (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A b. whereas digital threats against civil society are considered human rights violations; whereas digital TNR including surveillance, hacking attacks, online harassment and disinformation campaigns are deeply intertwined with traditional methods of TNR;

Or. en

Amendment 79

Sebastian Tynkkynen

Motion for a resolution

Recital A b (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A b. whereas Member States have the primary responsibility to prevent, investigate, and respond effectively to acts of transnational repression occurring on their territories;

Or. en

Amendment 80

Nathalie Loiseau

Motion for a resolution

Recital A b (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A b. whereas Azerbaijan, China, Turkey and Russia, among others, have all targeted journalists and opponents in the European Union;

Or. en

Amendment 81

Engin Eroglu, Helmut Brandstätter, Marjan Šarec, Lucia Yar, Petras Auštrevičius

Motion for a resolution

Recital A c (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A c. whereas the Chinese government actively pursues transnational repression to silence critics, political opposition and members of diaspora groups, including through clandestine operations such as Fox Hunt and Sky Net; whereas reports from human rights organizations indicate that the PRC is the most prolific practitioner of transnational repression globally, utilizing a sophisticated toolkit of digital surveillance, the harassment of family members, and tactics to involuntarily return individuals; whereas the Chinese government according to reports by Human Rights defenders operates a widespread network of overseas contacts and proxy actors operating within the European Union without legal basis; whereas these networks enable the Chinese state to conduct pervasive surveillance of individuals and to involuntary return them to China through coercion, including through threats against relatives in China, and physical abductions; whereas such activities represent a flagrant violation of the territorial integrity of EU Member States and the fundamental rights of those under their protection;

Or. en

Amendment 82

Miriam Lexmann

Motion for a resolution

Recital A c (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A c. whereas in March 2021 China imposed sanctions on European individuals and entities, including five Members of the European Parliament, the European Parliament's Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Political and Security Committee of the Council of the European Union, three national MPs, as well as two European scholars, the Germany-based think tank MERICS and the Alliance of Democracies Foundation in Denmark; whereas such actions exemplify the reach and determination of Chinese transnational repression, aimed at punishing individuals for exercising their fundamental right to free expression and at deterring the Union from upholding its values-based foreign policy; whereas the Chinese side decided in 2025 to unilaterally lift “restrictions” against Members of the European Parliament; Whereas many European citizens are still affected by the March 2021 sanctions;

Or. en

Amendment 83

Helmut Brandstätter

Motion for a resolution

Recital A c (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A c. whereas Russia and Belarus but also Iran, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgia and other autocratic actors have actively used Interpol notices to target dissidents, human rights defenders, journalists and other groups at risk, including the individuals recognised as refugees within the EU—thus already determined to be at risk of persecution— but have nevertheless faced detention following Red Notices; whereas such practices undermine both the EU asylum acquis and Articles 18 and 19 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union;

Or. en

Amendment 84

Nathalie Loiseau

Motion for a resolution

Recital A c (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A c. whereas China has put pressure on academics to halt research on supplied chains and forced labour in Xinjiang, such as was the case in February 2025 in the United Kingdom; whereas, even if these bans are ultimately lifted, they create additional legal burden, violate academic freedom, and undermine trust between academics and research institutions; whereas artists are also targeted by China, whose diplomatic missions are demanding the cancellation of events relating to Taiwan;

Or. en

Amendment 85

Pernando Barrena Arza

Motion for a resolution

Recital A c (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A c. whereas the European Union failed to protect journalist Julian Assange, a European citizen who published information received from whistleblowers, from transnational repression by the United States and the United Kingdom through politically motivated extradition proceedings, attempted rendition and 14 years of arbitrary detention; regrets the lack of EU intervention to safeguard both journalists and their sources;

Or. en

Amendment 86

Antonio López-Istúriz White

Motion for a resolution

Recital A c (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A c. whereas the EU global human rights sanctions regime (EU Magnitsky Act) provides an important instrument to target individuals and entities responsible for serious human rights violations and abuses worldwide, including those involved in acts of transnational repression; whereas its effective and consistent use can contribute to deterrence, accountability and the protection of fundamental rights;

Or. en

Amendment 87

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A c (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A c. whereas Member States are affected by TNR to differing degrees and demonstrate varying levels of awareness, institutional preparedness and availability of protection mechanisms; whereas perpetrators operate across borders and exploit such divergences between national legal and institutional frameworks, thereby reducing the effectiveness of isolated national responses;

Or. en

Amendment 88

Petar Volgin

Motion for a resolution

Recital A c (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A c. whereas it is essential to clearly distinguish between transnational repression and legitimate criticism, advocacy or political debate across borders, including criticism of governments, public policies, or institutions; whereas misclassifying legitimate expression as repression risks undermining freedom of expression and democratic pluralism;

Or. en

Amendment 89

Sebastian Tynkkynen

Motion for a resolution

Recital A c (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A c. whereas, according to Freedom House, 80% of cases of transnational repression are the responsibility of 10 countries: China, Türkiye, Tajikistan, Russia, Egypt, Cambodia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Iran and Belarus;

Or. en

Amendment 90

Petras Auštrevičius

Motion for a resolution

Recital A c (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A c. whereas international cooperation in TNR practices is common and often occurring among states within the same region as well as states that are members of the same regional organisation;

Or. en

Amendment 91

Engin Eroglu, Helmut Brandstätter, Marjan Šarec, Lucia Yar, Petras Auštrevičius

Motion for a resolution

Recital A d (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A d. whereas several EU Member States continue to maintain bilateral extradition agreements with the People’s Republic of China and Hong Kong; whereas the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) delivered a judgment on October 6, 2022, that effectively halted the extradition of a Taiwanese national to the People’s Republic of China; whereas this precedent-setting decision, which became final and binding for all Council of Europe Member States on January 30, 2023, effectively establishes that extraditions to the PRC constitute a violation of Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights due to the lack of independent oversight and the risk of torture;

Or. en

Amendment 92

Pernando Barrena Arza

Motion for a resolution

Recital A d (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A d. whereas the United States has imposed sanctions on Francesca Albanese, UN Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories and EU citizen, as well as on European ICC officials such as French judge Nicolas Guillou, as extraterritorial retaliation against critical human rights reporting, constituting a form of TNR against European human rights defenders;

Or. en

Amendment 93

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A d (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A d. whereas research as well as European human rights case-law demonstrates that TNR is a human rights violation also affecting individuals, entities, and communities on EU territory, while simultaneously constituting a form of foreign interference; whereas TNR requires specific, victim-centred responses to close existing protection gaps;

Or. en

Amendment 94

Helmut Brandstätter

Motion for a resolution

Recital A d (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A d. whereas Lukashenka regime in Belarus is using Interpol’s Red Notice system to target political opponents in exile; whereas Belarusian journalist, director, and political activist Andrey Hnyot was detained in Serbia on fabricated tax charges, triggered by an Interpol Red Notice issued by Minsk, only to be freed a year later;

Or. en

Amendment 95

Sebastian Tynkkynen

Motion for a resolution

Recital A d (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A d. whereas Russia has systematically engaged in TNR, targeting political dissidents, independent journalists, human rights defenders, civil society activists, and members of diaspora communities abroad through assassination attempts, kidnapping plots, intimidation, surveillance, cyberattacks, and smear campaigns;

Or. en

Amendment 96

Petras Auštrevičius

Motion for a resolution

Recital A d (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A d. whereas direct consequences of TNR for the victims include harm to mental health, risk to physical safety, deterioration of social relationships, financial and professional risks, restrictions on mobility, challenges to immigration and citizenship status, and self-censorship;

Or. en

Amendment 97

Nathalie Loiseau

Motion for a resolution

Recital A d (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A d. whereas responses to transnational repression is hindered by a lack of comprehensive framework and fragmented national responses; whereas the Member States should ensure their security and that they are able to continue their work;

Or. en

Amendment 98

Antonio López-Istúriz White

Motion for a resolution

Recital A d (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A d. whereas transnational repression directly affects the sovereignty of EU Member States and their ability to ensure security and protect persons resident on their territory;

Or. en

Amendment 99

Helmut Brandstätter

Motion for a resolution

Recital A e (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A e. whereas according to Lithuania’s State Security Department, the Russian and Belarusian intelligence services have planned violent attacks against members of the Belarusian community in Lithuania, and Russian and Belarusian operatives have conducted information and psychological operations in Lithuania aimed at creating a sense of insecurity among the Belarusian diaspora;

Or. en

Amendment 100

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A e (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A e. whereas TNR cuts across multiple policy domains, including foreign affairs, justice, internal security, migration, digital policy and financial regulation, and whereas fragmented national approaches are insufficient to address its cross-border nature;

Or. en

Amendment 101

Nathalie Loiseau

Motion for a resolution

Recital A e (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A e. whereas Russia and Belarus engage in systematic transnational repression within the EU, including surveillance, cyber harassment, intimidation of exiled opposition figures and, in Russia’s case, assassination plots and hostile intelligence operations;

Or. en

Amendment 102

Petras Auštrevičius

Motion for a resolution

Recital A e (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A e. whereas women face particular gendered forms of TNR, which result in digital attacks that sexualise and misogynistically target their female identity in an attempt to intimidate, discredit and discourage them from activism;

Or. en

Amendment 103

Pernando Barrena Arza

Motion for a resolution

Recital A e (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A e. whereas Israeli-linked cyber firms and former Western intelligence officers have operated as proxies facilitating TNR, including by exploiting FATF/AML frameworks for data collection and control;

Or. en

Amendment 104

Antonio López-Istúriz White

Motion for a resolution

Recital A e (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A e. whereas authoritarian regimes increasingly use transnational repression as part of a broader strategy of foreign interference aimed at weakening democratic institutions and societies;

Or. en

Amendment 105

Sebastian Tynkkynen

Motion for a resolution

Recital A e (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A e. whereas Alexander Litvinenko, a former Russian intelligence officer and vocal critic of Vladimir Putin, was poisoned and killed in London in 2006 using radioactive substances;

Or. en

Amendment 106

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A f (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A f. whereas TNR committed on territories of EU member states directly interferes with the Union’s internal democratic space by silencing voices, fragmenting communities and generating fear and self-censorship, while also undermining the Union’s external action by restricting the ability of individuals residing in the EU to advocate for democracy, human rights and accountability in third countries;

Or. en

Amendment 107

Pernando Barrena Arza

Motion for a resolution

Recital A f (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A f. whereas physical forms of transnational repression include assassination, targeted killings and attempted assassination, assault, abduction, unlawful detention, enforced disappearance, rendition and unlawful deportation, constituting grave violations of international human rights law and direct infringements of host state sovereignty;

Or. en

Amendment 108

Helmut Brandstätter

Motion for a resolution

Recital A f (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A f. whereas, among other countries, China has been the leading exporter of digital authoritarian technologies including surveillance infrastructure, spyware, platform control and data-driven policing tools used for TNR by authoritarian countries in Africa, Asia, the Balkans and Latin America to monitor and intimidate diaspora communities abroad;

Or. en

Amendment 109

Antonio López-Istúriz White

Motion for a resolution

Recital A f (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A f. whereas Member States play a fundamental role in preventing, investigating and responding to acts of transnational repression; whereas stronger coordination at EU level should support and complement, but not replace, Member States competences in the field of national security;

Or. en

Amendment 110

Nathalie Loiseau

Motion for a resolution

Recital A f (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A f. whereas Türkiye has engaged in acts of transnational repression against opponents residing in the EU, including surveillance of diaspora communities, pressure through diplomatic channels, misuse of international arrest requests, coercion of family members, and physical violence;

Or. en

Amendment 111

Sebastian Tynkkynen

Motion for a resolution

Recital A f (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A f. whereas in March 2018 former Russian military intelligence officer Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia were targeted with a Novichok nerve agent in Salisbury, United Kingdom, in an attempted assassination;

Or. en

Amendment 112

Petras Auštrevičius

Motion for a resolution

Recital A f (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A f. whereas many TNR victims refrain from reporting instances of abuse due to the inefficiency of local law enforcement or fear of making the situation worse;

Or. en

Amendment 113

Helmut Brandstätter

Motion for a resolution

Recital A g (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A g. whereas AI-enabled facial recognition, centralised command-and-control platforms, vast 5G networks, biometric ID integration, predictive policing analytics, large-scale CCTV infrastructure and other systems can be used to monitor and pressure overseas Chinese communities, including in EU Member States; whereas these practices have been associated with broader global repatriation campaigns such as Operation Fox Hunt and its successor initiatives, aimed at compelling individuals to return to China—sometimes through coercion or threats to family members;

Or. en

Amendment 114

Pernando Barrena Arza

Motion for a resolution

Recital A g (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A g. whereas digital transnational repression includes online harassment, direct threats, doxxing, hacking, cyberattacks, disinformation campaigns, smear operations, including through the usage of artificial intelligence, and the deployment of spyware and other surveillance technologies, to monitor, profile, intimidate or silence individuals abroad; whereas such practices are often difficult to attribute and frequently remain below traditional criminal thresholds;

Or. en

Amendment 115

Antonio López-Istúriz White

Motion for a resolution

Recital A g (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A g. whereas citizens of the European Union who provide political, organisational or material support to dissident groups also fall victim to actions targeting such groups, as was the case with the attack on Alejo Vidal-Quadras perpetrated by the regime in Tehran, which is also responsible for other assassination attempts and terrorist attacks against its opponents, including on EU territory;

Or. en

Amendment 116

Nathalie Loiseau

Motion for a resolution

Recital A g (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A g. whereas the Islamic Republic of Iran has conducted transnational repression within the EU, including intimidation of journalists and dissidents, cyber surveillance, coercion of relatives in Iran and documented assassination and kidnapping plots against opposition figures on European soil; whereas these actions threaten public security, violate fundamental rights, and

Or. en

Amendment 117

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A g (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A g. whereas addressing the human rights impact of TNR is essential to strengthening democratic resilience and national security by, for instance, uncovering foreign interference and hostile state activity on European soil or protecting democratic spaces and fundamental rights;

Or. en

Amendment 118

Petras Auštrevičius

Motion for a resolution

Recital A g (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A g. whereas authoritarian regimes are increasingly using Interpol to pursue, harass, and attempt to return opponents living abroad, thereby giving repressive regimes legitimacy; whereas Interpol’s Red Notice system is the key tool that is used by transnational repressors;

Or. en

Amendment 119

Sebastian Tynkkynen

Motion for a resolution

Recital A g (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A g. whereas in October 2025 the French authorities arrested and charged four individuals in connection with an alleged plot to attack Russian dissident Vladimir Osechkin, a Russian human rights activist known for documenting abuses in Russian prisons;

Or. en

Amendment 120

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A h (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A h. whereas data collected over the last decade indicate a sustained increase in the scale, geographic reach and sophistication of TNR, including the growing use of digital surveillance, financial coercion, mobility controls, abuse of (i) international cooperation mechanisms, (ii) anti-money laundering regulations and frameworks to counter the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT), as well as (iii) cybersecurity rules developed by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF); whereas the number and types of actors involved in TNR have also expanded due to the outsourcing of repression to proxies such as organised crime networks, former intelligence officers of western countries, and cyber actors;

Or. en

Amendment 121

Helmut Brandstätter

Motion for a resolution

Recital A h (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A h. whereas the so-called “Safe City” Surveillance System installed in Serbia and in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina in cooperation with Huawei includes thousands of high-resolution cameras with facial and license plate recognition capabilities, real-time biometric identification, and centralised data analytics; whereas Serbia has become a hub for journalists, dissidents, human rights defenders and others escaping totalitarian regimes such as Russia and Belarus with which Serbia has close ties;

Or. en

Amendment 122

Sebastian Tynkkynen

Motion for a resolution

Recital A h (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A h. whereas the Belarusian Investigative Committee has opened criminal cases and special in-absentia proceedings against hundreds of Belarusians living abroad, particularly those who participated in pro-democracy protest in various European cities; whereas the authorities have threatened or targeted their relatives with legal or financial measures if they took part in Freedom Day rallies, an event celebrated by the Belarusian opposition;

Or. en

Amendment 123

Pernando Barrena Arza

Motion for a resolution

Recital A h (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A h. whereas EU asylum, visa and migration procedures may be exploited by perpetrator states and their enablers as leverage in such cases, particularly where access to documents issued by the country of origin is required or where interpreters are used as proxies to intimidate or coerce victims during asylum and immigration processes; exposing persons targeted by transnational repression to intimidation, surveillance or forced return;

Or. en

Amendment 124

Nathalie Loiseau

Motion for a resolution

Recital A h (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A h. whereas acts of transnational repression undermine Member States’ sovereignty and the security of EU citizens, constitute serious violations of fundamental rights and international law, represent a direct challenge to the Union’s values and protection of those granted refuge; whereas these actions undermine freedom, and contribute to the manipulation of the public debate;

Or. en

Amendment 125

Antonio López-Istúriz White

Motion for a resolution

Recital A h (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A h. whereas TNR is committed mostly by authoritarian regimes; whereas the regimes primarily responsible for acts of TNR are Russia, China, Iran, Cuba, Venezuela, and Nicaragua;

Or. en

Amendment 126

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A i (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A i. whereas TNR frequently exploits the ordinary operation of host-state administrative, financial, consular and migration systems, including compliance-driven financial controls, routine consular interactions, rigid documentation requirements and fragmented data-handling practices; whereas, as a result, EU institutions and Member States may become enablers of TNR unwittingly, even in the absence of intent or direct cooperation with perpetrator states; whereas addressing TNR therefore requires systematic scrutiny of internal EU and national procedures to prevent their exploitation for repressive purposes; whereas addressing TNR therefore requires a whole-of-government and a whole-of-society approach;

Or. en

Amendment 127

Antonio López-Istúriz White

Motion for a resolution

Recital A i (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A i. whereas Cuba utilises medical brigades as part of its foreign policy tools, used to whitewash its image abroad; whereas these doctors face inhumane working conditions that amount to modern slavery; whereas these doctors have their passport removed, have limited to no freedom of movement and are under constant surveillance, are required to send the most or all their wages back to the Cuban regime, and face barriers to traveling with or seeing family; whereas the regime also applies harsh punitive measures for doctors that attempt to leave early or escape;

Or. en

Amendment 128

Pernando Barrena Arza

Motion for a resolution

Recital A i (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A i. whereas digital transnational repression frequently displays a gendered dimension, with women human rights defenders, journalists, lawyers and activists subjected to sexualised threats, misogynistic harassment and gender-based online abuse, and whereas LGBTIQ+ individuals are also disproportionately targeted; whereas such attacks frequently exploit entrenched patriarchal, racial and religious narratives in order to silence dissent beyond borders and reinforce existing structural inequalities;

Or. en

Amendment 129

Helmut Brandstätter

Motion for a resolution

Recital A i (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A i. whereas the Islamic Republic of Iran has a long and brutal history of TNR in Europe; whereas a retired Iranian brigadier general, Mohsen Rafikdust, accused Tehran of the assassinations of former Iranian Prime Minister Shapur Bakhtiar and military commander Gholam Ali Oveissi in France over 30 years ago, as well as the killing of government critic Fereidun Farrokhsad in Germany in 1992;

Or. en

Amendment 130

Sebastian Tynkkynen

Motion for a resolution

Recital A i (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A i. whereas China has systematically targeted individuals critical of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and its policies, Tibetan and Uyghur communities, Falun Gong practitioners and human rights activists;

Or. en

Amendment 131

Antonio López-Istúriz White

Motion for a resolution

Recital A j (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A j. whereas the Maduro regime has actively committed acts of TNR; whereas in 2024, the Maduro regime murdered a former Venezuelan military officer Ronald Ojeda in Santiago, Chile; whereas in 2023, Venezuelan counterintelligence agents allegedly kidnapped an ex-military captain near the Venezuelan–Colombian border and transported him back to Venezuela; whereas on October 2025, two Venezuelan exiles — human rights activist Yendri Omar Velásquez Rodríguez and political consultant Luis Alejandro Peche Arteaga — were shot and wounded in Bogotá, Colombia; whereas student activist Pablo Parada narrowly escaped an abduction attempt in Bogotá (March 2024) that he attributed to Venezuelan intelligence operatives; whereas the Maduro regime also made use of legal and policing tools to harass critics internationally beyond physical attacks that target individuals internationally, including: attempting to manipulate Interpol notices to detain Venezuelan dissidents abroad and harassing or intimidating people (e.g., activists, journalists) through online surveillance or legal mechanisms; whereas political dissident in exile also face constant fear and threat from the Maduro regime even while abroad;

Or. en

Amendment 132

Pernando Barrena Arza

Motion for a resolution

Recital A j (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A j. whereas transnational repression is significantly underreported, including within the EU, as victims of transnational repression often fear retaliation against family members, distrust authorities due to prior experiences in authoritarian contexts, or worry that reporting may jeopardise their migration or asylum status; whereas such underreporting disproportionately affects women, LGBTIQ+ persons and members of racial, ethnic and religious minorities, who may face additional stigma, discrimination or institutional bias when seeking assistance;

Or. en

Amendment 133

Helmut Brandstätter

Motion for a resolution

Recital A j (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A j. whereas the Islamic Republic of Iran often charges individuals who committed apostasy, particularly when converting to Christianity, with “acting against national security”; whereas authorities affiliated with the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps have reportedly monitored and threatened Iranian Christian converts residing in EU Member States; whereas similar practices have been reported perpetrated by Islamist groups from Afghanistan and Pakistan;

Or. en

Amendment 134

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A j (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A j. whereas individuals and communities targeted by TNR are also key first responders with unique knowledge of repressive tactics, proxy networks, and evolving risk patterns; whereas therefore meaningful engagement with affected communities is essential for effective prevention, early warning, and the development of durable counter-strategies;

Or. en

Amendment 135

Sebastian Tynkkynen

Motion for a resolution

Recital A j (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A j. whereas Operation Fox Hunt, conducted by China, has targeted individuals residing abroad, including in Europe, using coercive measures intended to pressure them to return to China or halt political activities;

Or. en

Amendment 136

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A k (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A k. whereas TNR has a severe and sustained impact on human rights defenders, journalists, lawyers and political activists, as well as on their family members; whereas TNR frequently produces long-term, invisible harm and trauma, including fear and self-censorship, withdrawal from civic and political participation, social isolation, and persistent legal, economic, and psychological insecurity, often absorbing significant time and energy, restricts freedom of expression and association and causes persons targeted to reduce or abandon their work and civic activities; whereas it is often mischaracterised as a series of isolated incidents rather than as a sustained strategy targeting entire communities to sow fear, trauma, and fragmentation; whereas absence of physical violence or overt harassment should not be equated with safety or freedom, as the aforementioned effects are often the intended outcome of TNR;

Or. en

Amendment 137

Antonio López-Istúriz White

Motion for a resolution

Recital A k (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A k. whereas the case of Winnye Nayelia Bernard Canales, an Afro-descendant human rights defender, illustrates this pattern; whereas in June 2018 she was denied entry into Nicaragua and, in 2022, when requesting a copy of her birth registration, was informed that her name did not appear in the public records, which would indicate the arbitrary removal of her birth certificate; whereas, according to the GHREN, “Bernard Canales has not been notified of, nor is she aware of, any judicial proceedings against her”; and whereas these facts, documented by that Group, have placed her in a situation of de facto statelessness, exile and legal vulnerability, as part of a broader pattern of repression against individuals who oppose the government or are perceived as such;

Or. en

Amendment 138

Sebastian Tynkkynen

Motion for a resolution

Recital A k (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A k. whereas since 1999 the CCP has carried out systematic repression against Falun Gong practitioners; whereas in August 2025, Leung Chun-ying, Vice-Chairman of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and former Chief Executive of Hong Kong, threatened Falun Gong practitioners peacefully exercising their rights to freedom of assembly and expression in Helsinki;

Or. en

Amendment 139

Helmut Brandstätter

Motion for a resolution

Recital A k (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A k. whereas LGBT+ migrants in Europe are often targeted by TNR by authoritarian regimes from their countries of origin as well as their families and relatives by using legal charges, surveillance, threats to physical well-being and harassment; whereas European institutions are increasingly aware of this issue, but protection remains uneven;

Or. en

Amendment 140

Pernando Barrena Arza

Motion for a resolution

Recital A k (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A k. whereas independent research and UN mechanisms have documented instances in which actors operating within EU Member States have facilitated or enabled transnational repression, including through surveillance technologies, misuse of legal frameworks and digital disinformation campaigns;

Or. en

Amendment 141

Helmut Brandstätter

Motion for a resolution

Recital A l (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A l. whereas online platforms have become central operational arenas for authoritarian regimes and their proxies for monitoring, harassing, threatening, blackmailing and ordering an assassination of political opponents and other groups at risk; whereas mainstream platforms such as WeChat, Telegram, Facebook, X and others are used for tracking dissidents participating in protests or expressing their opinions in other from;

Or. en

Amendment 142

Sebastian Tynkkynen

Motion for a resolution

Recital A l (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A l. whereas on 31 July 2025 the governments of Albania, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czechia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, the UK and the U.S. issued a joint statement condemning attempts by Iranian intelligence services to kill, kidnap and harass individuals on their territories, including journalists, dissidents and members of diaspora communities;

Or. en

Amendment 143

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A l (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A l. whereas the denial of consular services affects not only human rights defenders and political activists but also their families, including by leaving children without recognised nationality or valid legal identity documents, and by exposing women to heightened risks of economic dependency, legal insecurity and gender-based violence;

Or. en

Amendment 144

Pernando Barrena Arza

Motion for a resolution

Recital A l (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A l. whereas the securitisation of TNR is being used to justify the expansion of digital surveillance infrastructures (including 'chat control' and certain forms of DSA enforcement), which disproportionately impact migrants, activists and diaspora communities;

Or. en

Amendment 145

Sebastian Tynkkynen

Motion for a resolution

Recital A m (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A m. whereas, on 15 July 2025, the Council imposed sanctions under the EU Global Human Rights Sanctions regime on individuals and entities linked to the Iranian authorities for their involvement in assassination plots and intimidation activities targeting dissidents abroad, including within EU territory;

Or. en

Amendment 146

Helmut Brandstätter

Motion for a resolution

Recital A m (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A m. whereas Russia, including Chechnya, has a long history of transnational murder in Europe including in Germany and the UK; whereas Chechen death squads, reportedly loyal to Ramzan Kadyrov, have been implicated in tracking down and killing Chechen dissidents across Europe;

Or. en

Amendment 147

Pernando Barrena Arza

Motion for a resolution

Recital A m (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A m. whereas Israeli companies such as NSO Group have exported Pegasus and similar spyware to states responsible for TNR affecting individuals in the EU, thereby enabling digital surveillance and coercion-by-proxy against dissidents and journalists;

Or. en

Amendment 148

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A m (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A m. whereas such practices have long-term consequences for the rights to identity, family life, education and protection from violence, and exacerbate the vulnerability of affected families within host states;

Or. en

Amendment 149

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A n (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A n. whereas in the absence of coherent, risk-aware and victim-centred approaches, measures to counter TNR may remain fragmented and uneven across Member States; whereas such fragmentation may, in practice, exacerbate insecurity for affected individuals and communities, including by increasing exposure, visibility or vulnerability to coercion by states of origin;

Or. en

Amendment 150

Pernando Barrena Arza

Motion for a resolution

Recital A n (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A n. whereas Amazon Web Services' 'Sovereign Cloud' in Europe, despite claims of data localisation, remains subject to the US CLOUD Act and other US surveillance laws, potentially exposing sensitive EU data to TNR-related requests channelled via US authorities or intermediaries;

Or. en

Amendment 151

Helmut Brandstätter

Motion for a resolution

Recital A n (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A n. whereas Russia’s intelligence services have been actively approaching users on Telegram and other online platforms for murder-for-hire and terrorist activities often directed against Russian diaspora and political opponents;

Or. en

Amendment 152

Sebastian Tynkkynen

Motion for a resolution

Recital A n (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A n. whereas, according to Freedom House, between 2014 and 2024 more than 25% of governments worldwide engaged in transnational repression, with 1 219 direct physical incidents recorded in 103 target countries;

Or. en

Amendment 153

Pernando Barrena Arza

Motion for a resolution

Recital A o (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A o. whereas AWS, through its Sovereign Cloud offering, risks amplifying TNR by enabling digital profiling and harassment on an EU-wide scale; notes the potential for involuntary complicity through access by US intelligence and law-enforcement agencies, and calls for an immediate ban on its use by public authorities and civil society organisations;

Or. en

Amendment 154

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A o (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A o. whereas TNR, albeit not new as such, is an evolving phenomenon encompassing a broad and expanding range of physical, legal, financial, administrative, digital cybersecurity-related, and proxy-based methods, often used in combination and adapted to exploit legal, technological and institutional gaps;

Or. en

Amendment 155

Helmut Brandstätter

Motion for a resolution

Recital A o (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A o. whereas Russia has been actively using strategy of “kompromats” and “honeytraps” to gather damaging information on individuals—often political figures, business leaders, dissidents, or foreign officials—and use it to intimidate, manipulate, or blackmail them, including those living abroad;

Or. en

Amendment 156

Sebastian Tynkkynen

Motion for a resolution

Recital A o (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A o. whereas currently there is no established definition on EU level on what constitutes transnational repression;

Or. en

Amendment 157

Pernando Barrena Arza

Motion for a resolution

Recital A p (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A p. whereas UN Special Rapporteurs have expressed concern regarding the reported use of Pegasus and Candiru spyware against Catalan political representatives, Members of the European Parliament and civil society actors in the so-called “CatalanGate” case, noting the scale, sophistication and minority-focused nature of the surveillance, and warning of its chilling effect on freedom of expression, assembly and minority participation; whereas the opacity of the spyware market and the refusal of vendors to cooperate with oversight mechanisms have complicated attribution, yet available evidence pointed to likely involvement of state actors, raising serious concerns regarding accountability and the potential enabling of transnational repression within the Union;

Or. en

Amendment 158

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A p (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A p. whereas physical forms of TNR include assassination and attempted assassination, assault, abduction, unlawful detention, enforced disappearance, rendition and unlawful deportation, constituting grave violations of international human rights law and direct infringements of host state sovereignty;

Or. en

Amendment 159

Helmut Brandstätter

Motion for a resolution

Recital A p (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A p. whereas the DSA provides tools that can address aspects of TNR, particularly regarding coordinated harassment and disinformation however, it was not designed specifically for foreign state repression targeting individuals;

Or. en

Amendment 160

Pernando Barrena Arza

Motion for a resolution

Recital A q (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A q. whereas UN Special Rapporteurs and other UN human rights mechanisms have identified an extensive pattern of unlawful, discriminatory and disproportionate restrictions on advocacy for the rights of the Palestinian people in Western Europe and North America, including the misuse of counter-terrorism frameworks, blanket bans on protests and symbols, disciplinary and administrative measures, and digital content moderation practices; whereas such measures raise concerns about their chilling effect on civic space and their potential intersection with patterns of transnational repression;

Or. en

Amendment 161

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A q (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A q. whereas digital TNR includes online harassment, direct threats, doxxing, hacking, cyberattacks, disinformation campaigns, smear operations, including through the usage of artificial intelligence, and the deployment of spyware and other surveillance technologies, to monitor, profile, intimidate or silence individuals abroad; whereas such practices are often difficult to attribute and frequently remain below traditional criminal thresholds;

Or. en

Amendment 162

Pernando Barrena Arza

Motion for a resolution

Recital A r (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A r. whereas UN Special Procedures and independent human rights organisations have raised concerns about the misuse of counter-terrorism and security frameworks, surveillance technologies and administrative measures in ways that may contribute to patterns of transnational repression or facilitate the targeting of activists across borders; whereas in recent years an increase in such practices has been observed in relation to pro-Palestinian activists, human rights defenders and civil society organisations, including through designations, funding restrictions, harassment and digital disinformation campaigns, thereby raising concerns about the chilling effect on civic space and the cross-border protection of fundamental rights within the European Union;

Or. en

Amendment 163

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A r (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A r. whereas digital TNR frequently displays a gendered dimension, with women human rights defenders, journalists, lawyers and activists subjected to sexualised threats, misogynistic harassment and gender-based online abuse, and whereas LGBTIQ+ individuals are also disproportionately targeted;

Or. en

Amendment 164

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A s (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A s. whereas social media companies and online platforms play a significant role in shaping the online environment for human rights defenders and activists, and whereas inadequate content moderation practices and notice and action mechanisms, account suspensions and algorithmic suppression based on hyperpersonalised recommender systems have at times resulted in the limitation or removal of lawful human rights content; whereas the absence of effective rapid-response mechanisms to address doxxing and targeted online harassment leaves defenders exposed to heightened risks of intimidation, surveillance and further TNR;

Or. en

Amendment 165

Pernando Barrena Arza

Motion for a resolution

Recital A s (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A s. whereas private actors, including technology companies, financial institutions and surveillance providers, have a responsibility under international standards, including the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, to exercise human rights due diligence and to avoid causing, contributing to or being directly linked to adverse human rights impacts, and whereas failure to conduct adequate risk assessments in high-risk contexts may amount to corporate complicity in transnational repression;

Or. en

Amendment 166

Pernando Barrena Arza

Motion for a resolution

Recital A t (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A t. whereas transnational repression generates cumulative and complex psychological harm, including chronic anxiety, hypervigilance, social isolation, breakdown of family relationships and long-term trauma affecting both targeted individuals and their relatives; whereas such harm is often compounded by intersecting factors including gender, race, religion, sexual orientation, migration status and socio-economic precarity, and whereas host-state institutions frequently lack adequately resourced, culturally competent and trauma-informed mechanisms capable of responding effectively to these layered impacts;

Or. en

Amendment 167

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A t (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A t. whereas the proliferation and misuse of commercial spyware, in particular very intrusive spyware, and advanced surveillance technologies, including artificial intelligence, have enabled remote monitoring, tracking and targeting of persons affected, facilitating other forms of TNR and posing a serious threat to fundamental rights, democratic processes and electoral integrity;

Or. en

Amendment 168

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A u (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A u. whereas malicious foreign actors abuse open vulnerabilities in devices in order to infiltrate personal or professional communications and multiple cases in the past years have shown that the EU is not equipped against infiltration of devices with spyware; whereas spyware has been used by foreign actors to monitor dissidents and public officials alike; whereas the growing surveillance of human rights defenders should be considered a form of TNR or surveillance enabled coercion;

Or. en

Amendment 169

Pernando Barrena Arza

Motion for a resolution

Recital A u (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A u. whereas victims of transnational repression face significant barriers in seeking accountability and remedy from private actors involved in surveillance technologies, digital platforms, financial compliance or data processing, due to jurisdictional fragmentation, corporate opacity, evidentiary asymmetries and limited access to effective judicial and non-judicial grievance mechanisms;

Or. en

Amendment 170

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A v (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A v. whereas digital service providers, social media and other online platforms, private spyware companies and other technology companies have at times become significant enablers of TNR, including through the misuse and over-compliance with FATF's AML/CFT;

Or. en

Amendment 171

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A w (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A w. whereas coercion-by-proxy constitutes a widespread and particularly harmful form of TNR, involving threats, harassment, detention or punishment of family members or associates who remain in the country of origin, as well as the use of diaspora events or organisations – including churches and state-aligned or state-affiliated institutions operating abroad – to enable surveillance and intimidation of community members, thereby inflicting severe psychological harm and creating incentives for self-censorship; whereas coercion-by-proxy can also involve members of diaspora communities being compelled to carry out repressive activities on behalf of the state, rendering them simultaneously victims and instruments of TNR;

Or. en

Amendment 172

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A x (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A x. whereas jurisdictional limitations and the extraterritorial nature of such practices make coercion-by-proxy especially difficult for host countries to prevent, document and prosecute, contributing significantly to victims’ reluctance to report incidents;

Or. en

Amendment 173

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A y (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A y. whereas states engaging in TNR frequently misuse international and legal cooperation mechanisms, including extradition and information requests, data-sharing mechanisms, mutual legal assistance, FATF's AML/CFT and cybersecurity frameworks, as well as INTERPOL notices or diffusions used in connection with their implementation, to locate, detain or forcibly return individuals on political grounds, despite explicit prohibitions on political misuse under international law, at times making EU states complicit of TNR when they fail to take steps to prevent this misuse; whereas, in particular, INTERPOL Purple and Silver Notices are conceived as operational tools without individual remedy or review avenues for those affected, which facilitates their abuse in the context of TNR;

Or. en

Amendment 174

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A z (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A z. whereas TNR increasingly relies on the misuse of judicial and law-enforcement systems in Member States, including through abusive criminal or civil proceedings (so called ‘lawfare’) and procedural attrition financed by authoritarian States or their proxies; whereas, even when victims prevail, compensation is often symbolic, delayed or unenforced;

Or. en

Amendment 175

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A aa (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A aa. whereas perpetrator states employ administrative and mobility-based forms of TNR through surveillance and coercion by diplomatic or consular missions, including by cancelling or refusing to renew passports, denying consular services, revoking nationality, issuing extraterritorial arrest warrants or otherwise restricting access to travel and identity documents, thereby coercing individuals to engage with consular authorities or preventing cross-border movement;

Or. en

Amendment 176

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A ab (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A ab. whereas financial TNR involves the misuse of FATF AML/CFT standards to disseminate false allegations and trigger compliance-based account freezes and de-banking, and targets civil society, diaspora groups, business competitors, donors, as well as entities supporting humanitarian aid, civil liberties, independent research, and academia; whereas these practices deprive affected individuals and organisations of funding and financial services, engineer asset freezes, restrict access to legal counsel and effective defence in court proceedings, and undermine their livelihoods, mobility, and ability to engage in economic, civic, political, and academic activities;

Or. en

Amendment 177

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A ac (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A ac. whereas EU asylum, visa and migration procedures may be exploited by perpetrator states and their enablers as leverage in such cases, particularly where access to documents issued by the country of origin is required or where interpreters are used as proxies to intimidate or coerce victims during asylum and immigration processes, exposing persons targeted by TNR to intimidation, surveillance or forced return; whereas perpetrator states also engage in TNR by seeking the unlawful return of one of their nationals by working through other states to have the person forcibly returned or “removed” either without a formal legal process or through a legal process, such as extradition or deportation;

Or. en

Amendment 178

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A ad (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A ad. whereas Parliament-commissioned research and independent datasets demonstrate that TNR is a global phenomenon, with at least 44 perpetrator states, an estimated 3.5 million people at risk, and documented cases in more than 100 countries, according to Freedom House research; whereas, at the same time, a limited number of states account for a disproportionate share of documented TNR incidents worldwide and within the European Union;

Or. en

Amendment 179

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A ae (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A ae. whereas Parliament-commissioned research demonstrates that a majority of documented TNR incidents involve cooperation between origin and host states or the exploitation of weak rule-of-law environments, including through misuse of extradition frameworks, migration systems, law enforcement cooperation and international organisations;

Or. en

Amendment 180

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A af (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A af. whereas TNR is often regionally clustered, indicating informal or formal cooperation frameworks and shared practices among perpetrator states and their enablers, including reciprocal enforcement of repression against exiled communities, European citizens and entities;

Or. en

Amendment 181

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A ag (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A ag. whereas Russia is among the most aggressive perpetrators of TNR globally and is responsible for the highest number of documented incidents within the EU of any origin country, using practices including assassination, attempted assassination, digital surveillance and harassment, intimidation of diaspora communities, stigmatisation, in-absentia legal proceedings, coercion-by-proxy and threats against family members and the systematic weaponisation of international legal, financial, cybersecurity and law-enforcement cooperation mechanisms; whereas Belarus conducts TNR at an alarming scale, including on EU territory, notably through abuse of Interpol mechanisms, denial of travel documents, the use of spyware and coercive consular practices;

Or. en

Amendment 182

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A ah (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A ah. whereas the People’s Republic of China is responsible for the most comprehensive and systematic TNR campaign worldwide and has developed a dense extraterritorial infrastructure, including state-aligned or state-affiliated institutions operating abroad, overseas police service stations, diaspora organisations, media outlets and digital networks, to identify, monitor, intimidate and coerce individuals within diaspora communities, their donors through digital surveillance, harassment, legal threats, financial repression, abuse of Interpol mechanisms, forced returns and family intimidation;

Or. en

Amendment 183

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A ai (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A ai. whereas Iran has a longstanding record of pursuing perceived opponents abroad, with operations directed at the highest levels of state authority and executed by the Ministry of Intelligence and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, including its Quds Force, using tactics such as assassinations, abductions, enforced disappearances, credible threats of violence, digital TNR and the outsourcing of repression to organised crime groups and other proxies;

Or. en

Amendment 184

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A aj (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A aj. whereas Tajikistan is consistently ranked among the top perpetrators of physical TNR against political activists and journalists, employing tactics including harassment of relatives and associates, mobility restrictions, surveillance, sometimes leading to the arbitrary detention upon arrival of activists deported by EU member states, defamation through state media and physical attacks such as assault, assassination and enforced disappearances; whereas the Republic of Azerbaijan targets journalists and other human rights defenders in exile, subjecting them to surveillance, physical attacks and assassination attempts on EU soil;

Or. en

Amendment 185

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A ak (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A ak. whereas intelligence services and state-linked actors from countries including Türkiye, Egypt, Morocco and India increasingly target diaspora communities within the European Union to identify, monitor and discredit opposition figures; whereas, despite their designation by the European Commission as “safe countries of origin”, several countries including Türkiye, Egypt and Morocco are identified among the top perpetrators of TNR affecting individuals residing within the European Union; whereas parliamentary and civil society sources point to an escalation in the use of TNR by states in North Africa and the wider MENA region; whereas regional security cooperation frameworks, including the Arab Interior Ministers Council (AIMC), have at times been misused in this context; whereas Egypt has a well-documented record of pursuing perceived opponents abroad through the denial of consular services, coercion-by-proxy against family members, and the extraterritorial misuse of counterterrorism laws and cooperation mechanisms; whereas Saudi Arabia has engaged in TNR against its nationals both within and outside the EU, including through abductions, enforced disappearances coercion-by-proxy, surveillance, abuse of Interpol notices, and gender-based forms of repression; whereas TNR by Algeria has recently increased, targeting peaceful dissidents abroad - notably in France, Tunisia and Spain through surveillance, harassment, abduction, extradition requests - as well as targeting of relatives or supporters in-country, and travel bans on activists who return temporarily for personal reasons;

Or. en

Amendment 186

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A al (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A al. whereas Cambodia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Eritrea, Nicaragua, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Rwanda, Thailand, Lao PDR, Vietnam, and Uganda are among the states most frequently identified as perpetrators of TNR worldwide; whereas the Socialist Republic of Vietnam pursues perceived opponents abroad, using tactics such as abductions, intimidation and threats of violence, surveillance, and digital TNR;

Or. en

Amendment 187

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A am (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A am. whereas some perpetrator states increasingly rely on proxies — including weaponised financial institutions, former intelligence officers of western countries, organised crime groups, cybercrime networks, private surveillance actors and informal community intermediaries — to conduct TNR, thereby increasing deniability, complicating attribution and undermining accountability;

Or. en

Amendment 188

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A an (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A an. whereas the European Union currently lacks a common definition, comprehensive data collection mechanisms and a coordinated, whole-of-EU institutional approach to countering TNR;

Or. en

Amendment 189

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A ao (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A ao. whereas TNR is significantly underreported, including within the EU, as persons targeted by TNR often fear retaliation against family members, distrust authorities due to prior experiences in authoritarian contexts, or worry that reporting may jeopardise their migration or asylum status;

Or. en

Amendment 190

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A ap (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A ap. whereas additional barriers to reporting include a lack of awareness and training among law enforcement and administrative authorities, the absence of accessible and trauma-informed reporting mechanisms, language barriers and the cumulative psychological toll of sustained intimidation, surveillance and harassment;

Or. en

Amendment 191

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A aq (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A aq. whereas many forms of TNR — including digital harassment, coercion-by-proxy, financial repression and administrative intimidation — are rarely captured in official statistics due to their covert nature, meaning that available data reflects only a fraction of the true scale of the phenomenon;

Or. en

Amendment 192

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A ar (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A ar. whereas many EU host countries fail to address and capture TNR below the criminal threshold;

Or. en

Amendment 193

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A as (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A as. whereas this structural underreporting results in a persistent protection gap for victims and communities targeted by TNR, undermines evidence-based policymaking and accountability, and thus contributes to the continued use of TNR by perpetrator states with limited risk of exposure or consequences;

Or. en

Amendment 194

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A at (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A at. whereas TNR tactics often exploit grey zones between agencies and departments and most Member States lack sufficient coordination on TNR at central level, as well as between the central and subnational levels;

Or. en

Amendment 195

Hannah Neumann

on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group

Motion for a resolution

Recital A au (new)

Motion for a resolution

Amendment

A au. whereas the current proposal of the European Democracy Shield includes no mention of TNR, including its devastating impact and the lack of effective remedies to safeguard competitiveness, financial integrity, civil liberties and the rule of law, in particular when perpetrators or enablers are EU Member States;

Or. en