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Report (COM(2023)0728 – C9-0425/2023 – 2023/0413(COD)) 2025-10-15

Monitoring framework for resilient European forests

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17.10.2025 A10-0176/7/rev

Amendment 7/rev

Eric Sargiacomo

on behalf of the S&D Group

Report A10-0176/2025

Emma Wiesner, Eric Sargiacomo

Monitoring framework for resilient European forests

(COM(2023)0728 – C9-0425/2023 – 2023/0413(COD))

Proposal for a regulation

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AMENDMENTS BY THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT*

to the Commission proposal

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REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL

on a monitoring framework for resilient European forests

(Text with EEA relevance)

THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,

Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and in particular Article 192(1) thereof,

Having regard to the proposal from the European Commission,

After transmission of the draft legislative act to the national parliaments,

Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee,

Having regard to the opinion of the Committee of the Regions,

Acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure,

Whereas:

(1) Forests and other wooded land cover close to half of the Union’s land surface. Over the last 30 years forest cover has significantly developed so as the growing stock has increased by 50 %. Forests have many functions and play a key role in mitigating and adapting to climate change, preserving, and restoring biodiversity, ensuring a strong forest-based bioeconomy and prosperous rural areas, preserving cultural heritage, as well as providing recreational and educational opportunities for the wellbeing of Union citizens. In addition to their intrinsic value, forests provide vital ecosystem services such as climate regulation, air purification, water supply and regulation, provision of raw materials (wood and non-wood products, such as food or medical plants), flood and erosion control, habitat for biodiversity, genetic resources and thus hold a high importance for local populations. Sustainably managed, healthy forest ecosystems support a significant part of the bioeconomy in the Union, providing the raw material (wood and non-wood such as food and medical plants) for a variety of sectors, with the extended forest-based value chains currently supporting 4.5 million jobs in the Union. Forested land is the main contributor to the Union carbon sink and should play an essential role in meeting the commitments of Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 of the European Parliament and of the Council (‘European Climate Law’), including the Union’s objective to reach climate neutrality by 2050, and of the Fit for 55 legislative package, in particular the new monitoring obligations introduced by the revised Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to Regulation (EU) 2018/841 of the European Parliament and of the Council (‘LULUCF Regulation’). Forested land is also subject to other obligations such as those relating to species and habitat protection under the Council Directive 92/43/EEC, to deforestation under Regulation (EU) 2023/1115 of the European Parliament and of the Council (‘Deforestation Regulation’), [nature restoration in Regulation (EU) [X/X] of the European Parliament and of the Council] and to renewable energy under the Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council (‘Renewable Energy Directive’). Forests and forestry are also key for the achievement of key priorities such as the New European Bauhaus or the EU Bioeconomy Strategy.

(2) However, unprecedented droughts, storms, bark beetle outbreaks and wildfires driven or exacerbated by climate change have already caused significant tree dieback and temporary loss of forest stands in many Member States in recent years. The frequency and severity of climate and weather extremes is projected to further increase. A large share of Union forests is vulnerable to their effects, with adverse consequences for forest owners, forest-based industries and value chains, for rural livelihoods and for forest biodiversity, negatively affecting the capacity of forests to provide vital ecosystem services that the wellbeing of Union citizens and bioeconomy in the Union depend on. Risks like wildfires and pest outbreaks are transboundary in nature and are increasing with climate change. That leads to higher costs for their suppression and contributes to wood market volatility. European forests are already suffering economic impacts from forest fires of around 1.5 billion euros annually, while increasing temperatures are predicted to reduce the value of forest land by several hundred billion euros by the end of the century due to changes in species composition.

(3) Addressing those negative trends and threats, ensuring that forests in the Union can continue delivering on their multiple functions under a changing climate, and preserving forest ecosystems as natural heritage requires active forest management and adaptation measures, an enhanced forest disaster prevention, preparedness, response and post-disaster recovery, efforts to improve forest resilience and biodiversity, a stronger capacity to manage risks and climate change, and adaptive forest management approaches.

(4) Member States ▌and the Union can take the appropriate actions only if they have coherent, reliable, timely and comparable data, making best use of the digital transition opportunities, including Earth Observation technology. To that end, a European-wide forest monitoring system should be set up to collect and share forest information that will support informed decision-making, for example by allowing to identify, assess, and address forest hazards, risks and damages in a timely manner, in line with relevant data protection standards in place to prevent unauthorised access or potential data breaches. Against that background, the new EU Forest Strategy for 2030 announced a legislative proposal on EU Forest Observation, Reporting and Data Collection including on Strategic Plans for Forests and the forest-based sector.

(5) Thanks to the constellation of Copernicus satellites and other space assets, complemented by periodic airborne imaging campaigns, the Union is equipped with reliable, cost-efficient, and readily operational Earth observation technologies. These allow for the detection and monitoring of, among other things, forest fires, forest disturbances caused by factors other than fires, such as ▌droughts, storms, and pest outbreaks as well as wildfire risk assessment and to coordinate the policy responses, especially to events with cross-border effects.

(6) Furthermore, it is necessary to obtain a better understanding of European forests in the Union to support the implementation and enforcement of the European legislation and to assess forest ecosystems vulnerability and resilience to climate change, and the effectiveness of the measures to help them adapt to climate change. That requires the collection of relevant data on forest health, biodiversity and forest structures.

(7) Most of the data on forests on the national level has been collected through national forest inventories. Historically, national monitoring has focused on factors relating to long term supply of timber resources. In the last decades the monitoring systems have evolved, diversifying their focus to also include other forest functions. This development should be encouraged. Moreover, no comprehensive system currently exists at the Union level that can ensure availability of comparable quality information across all relevant policy areas, including forest resilience and biodiversity as not all Member States have well-established systems for forest monitoring. In addition, there is potential to further develop the use of remote sensing data as a complement to ground-based data, to increase the accuracy of both. Overall, the current forest monitoring in the Union needs to be further developed towards a more harmonised system, based on a step-wise bottom up approach.

(8) The fast developments in monitoring tools and technologies, in particular in Earth observation through space-borne or aerial means, and in Global Navigation Satellite Systems, provide an opportunity to further modernise, digitalise and standardise the monitoring of forests, providing a service to policy-makers and authorities ▌. To date rapid changes to forest cover, such as through forest disturbances, can be detected by Earth observation and can improve the efficiency of forest monitoring. However, ground measurements are necessary to develop, verify, and calibrate Earth observation data products. Also, Earth Observation is unable to detect many features connected to forest disturbances or biodiversity (e.g. attribution of the forest disturbance causes, quantity of deadwood, forest naturalness, or presence of old-growth forests) ▌.

(9) There are several Union policy instruments that directly or indirectly affect forests in the fields of environment and biodiversity, climate, energy, bioeconomy and civil protection. A high-quality forest monitoring system combining ground-based observations with data and products from Earth observation will help tracking progress towards Union policy objectives and targets, enabling their successful implementation, monitoring and evaluation. ▌Moreover, tracking tree cover changes and extent of forest disturbances can support Member States monitoring and reporting of carbon stock changes for the purposes of the LULUCF Regulation. This approach is in line with other Union instruments such as the EU Observatory on Deforestation, Forest degradation and Associated Drivers, as anchored in the 2019 Communication on Stepping up EU action to protect and restore the world’s forest, which aims to monitor changes in the world’s forest and related drivers by providing global forest maps, information on supply chains and Earth Observation tools for regional to global analysis.

(10) Moreover, availability of quality forest data should support the development of ▌carbon removal technologies and carbon farming solutions under the Union carbon removal certification framework in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 of the European Parliament and of the Council, which cannot be deployed without quality forest data. High resolution and high accuracy estimate on carbon and its changes are essential to policy makers and to forest managers, and will allow the adoption and large-scale deployment of sustainable and credible carbon farming and carbon storage practices across the Union ▌.

(11) Against that background a forest monitoring system should be established by the Commission in cooperation with Member States and their national forest inventories, based on three elements that should be gradually made operational: a geographical information system for forest ▌, a ▌collection framework for forest data and forest information and a forest information sharing framework. The forest monitoring system should make use of harmonisation initiatives that are already well-established among national forest inventory experts and should allow the collection of forest data and forest information data based on Earth observation and georeferenced ground observation and should ensure interoperability with other existing electronic databases and geographic information systems, including those relevant for the monitoring of LULUCF activities and for the tracking of deforestation-free commodities in accordance with the Deforestation Regulation. The forest monitoring system should respect the principles laid down by the latest European Interoperability Framework.

(12) In order to ensure that forest data and forest information can be mapped, localised and displayed, a geographical information system should be set up by the Commission. To ensure a sufficient level of accuracy, the system should comply with a minimum standard in terms of scale and be developed around a standardised approach.

(13) Forest data and forest information to be collected under this Regulation are collected to calculate the needed indicators for underpinning Union policies in the areas of bioeconomy, climate change mitigation and adaptation, civil protection and disaster risk prevention and management, biodiversity and forest health. The Collection framework for forest information should be based on different datasets: standardised data on forest fires and other rapid changes due to natural disasters, to be operated by the Commission and primarily collected via Earth observation through Copernicus satellites and subject to technical protocols and calibration with ground level data, and harmonised data, ▌which Member States should collect by systematically using their own surveys based on a grid of sampling plots, such as National Forest Inventories or other networks of monitoring sites, and complementing them with Earth Observation tools, where available and applicable.

(14) In order to provide the most comprehensive picture of the state and condition of forests within the Union, Member States should be able to choose to have the Commission collect the relevant data, free of charge, and to contribute to the standardised data compilation operated by the Commission with their sources. ▌Member States that have monitoring systems in place to contribute with their nationally applicable datasets such as in situ data or airborne campaigns that are not available wall-to-wall across the Union, without creating an additional resource burden, ensuring full recognition of existing national forest inventories, in line with the subsidiarity principle. ▌

(15) With a view to reducing costs and facilitating access to forest information, the forest information sharing framework should ensure for such information to be made publicly accessible by ▌the Commission, including in the Forest Information System for Europe. Member States should be able to continue using their existing data collection systems and collect information of national interest. For the purposes of harmonisation they should share the information in accordance with the technical specifications included in the Regulation, which are based on existing reference descriptions and methods. With regard to data relating to the geo-referenced location of monitoring sites, which are currently treated as confidential by most national forest inventories, their sharing should be voluntary and subject to the development of safeguards, in line with the relevant EU requirements, that ensure that the confidentiality of such data is not compromised in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 223/2009.

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(17) Directive (EU) 2019/1024 of the European Parliament and of the Council on open data and the re-use of public sector information mandates the release of public sector data in free and open formats. The overall objective of that Directive is to continue strengthening the Union’s data economy by increasing the amount of public sector data available for re-use, ensuring fair competition and easy access public sector information, and enhancing cross-border innovation and research based on data. The main principle of that Directive is that government data should be ‘open by design and default’. Directive 2003/4/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council is aimed at guaranteeing the right of access to environmental information in the Member States in line with the 1998 Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (‘Aarhus Convention’). The Aarhus Convention encompasses broad obligations related both to making environmental information available upon request and actively disseminating such information. Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council also covers the sharing of spatial information, including data sets on different environmental topics. The provisions of this Regulation related to access to information and for the collection and sharing of forest data and forest information should complement those Directives, in order not to create a separate legal regime and should therefore be without prejudice to Directives (EU) 2019/1024, 2003/4/EC and 2007/2/EC. In accordance with those Directives, the sharing of forest data under this Regulation should not adversely affect national security and defence.

(18) In order to ensure the compatibility of ▌storage and exchange systems for the collection and sharing of forest data and forest information under the forest monitoring system, the Commission and the Member States should cooperate, also involving specialised bodies, national forest inventories and their relevant network as well as the leading research institutions.

(19) The forest monitoring system should ensure that the forest data and forest information shared is reliable and verifiable. The Commission and the Member States should therefore control the quality ▌of the forest data and forest information collected under the forest monitoring system. Where the quality assessment reveals deficiencies of the system, Member States should address them and provide any remedial actions, where appropriate with additional recommendations by the Commission. ▌

(20) In order to support Member States in forest monitoring ▌, this Regulation should establish a governance framework for coordination and cooperation between the Commission and the Member States and among Member States, in order to improve the quality, timeliness and coverage of forest data. The governance framework should be inclusive and science-based and should aim at further improving the reliability of scientific advice ▌, thereby facilitating knowledge and good practice exchange. That governance framework should ensure the participation of the competent authorities responsible for the different policy objectives reflecting the multifunctionality of forests as well as independent experts in line with Decision [X/X] of the European Parliament and of the Council. The Commission should, when setting up the governance framework, take into account input from research on forest governance as well as input for the network of national forest inventories. For the implementation of this governance framework, each Member State should designate a national correspondent representing national inventories and inform the Commission; the national correspondent should be the main focal point for any activity relating to the forest monitoring system as well as voluntary integrated long-term planning. The Member States and the Commission should also make use of existing regional and international institutional cooperation structures, including those under regional Conventions and other forest relevant fora and processes.

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(22) In order to ensure the good functioning of the forest monitoring system, the power to adopt acts in accordance with Article 290 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union should be delegated to the Commission in respect of amending and supplementing this Regulation to adapt the technical specifications of forest data to technical and scientific progress and to adopt accuracy standards for data and rules on quality assessment. It is of particular importance that the Commission carries out appropriate consultations during its preparatory work, including at expert level, and that those consultations be conducted in accordance with the principles laid down in the Interinstitutional Agreement on Better Law-Making of 13 April 2016. In particular, to ensure equal participation in the preparation of delegated acts, the European Parliament and the Council receive all documents at the same time as Member States’ experts, and their experts systematically have access to meetings of Commission expert groups dealing with the preparation of delegated acts.

(23) In order to ensure uniform conditions for the implementation of this Regulation, implementing powers should be conferred on the Commission with respect to technical rules and procedures for the sharing and the harmonisation of forest data; methodologies for the collection of certain forest data and further specification of their descriptions; procedures and formats to be used to ensure the compatibility of data storage and exchange systems and to establish confidentiality preserving safeguards for the inclusion into those data storage and exchange systems of information relating to geographically explicit location of monitoring sites; the contents of the assessment reports on the quality of data and arrangements for their submission to the Commission as well as the description of remedial actions. Those powers should be exercised in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council. The Commission can be requested to provide additional guidance on these implementing acts on technical procedures for the sharing and the harmonisation of forest information.

(24) The Commission should keep this Regulation under review, taking into account the relevant developments concerning Union legislation, international frameworks and technological and scientific progress and additional monitoring needs. The review should also assess the quality of data harmonisation ▌. Five years after the entry into force of this Regulation, the Commission should propose, where appropriate, an amendment of the list of indicators set out in the Annexes of this Regulation in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure. The Commission should report on the implementation of this Regulation to the European Parliament.

(25) Union forests and sustainable forest management are crucial for the European Green Deal and its objectives. Even though the Member States have main competence on forests and forestry, the Union has a range of competences that may also relate to forests such as climate, environment, energy, rural development, and disaster prevention. ▌The objectives of this Regulation, namely to ensure high quality and comparability of forest data collected in the Union ▌supporting the resilience of the Union forests and support sound policy making, will be enhanced by common forest monitoring. Therefore, the Union may adopt measures, in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity as set out in Article 5 of the Treaty on European Union. In accordance with the principle of proportionality, as set out in that Article, this Regulation does not go beyond what is necessary to achieve those objectives,

HAVE ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:

CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article -1 Objective

-1. The purpose of this Regulation is to enable the gathering of information, taking in to account the prerogative of Member States on the control and disclosure of national forest data and forest information, on the state and the development of forests in the Union, to support sound policy making at national and Union level. This Regulation aims to improve detection of events that have a significant impact on forest health or resilience such as natural disasters, illegal logging and the effects of climate change or loss of biodiversity. It also aims to strengthen large-scale risk prevention efforts for forests in the Union.

Article 1 Subject matter

1. This Regulation lays down a forest monitoring framework for the Union by providing for rules:

(a) ensuring an adequate level of timeliness, accuracy, consistency, granularity, transparency and comparability ▌of forest data and forest information within the Union and their free public accessibility in an aggregated format;

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(c) setting up a strengthened and effective governance between the Commission and the Member States, and foster cooperation between the Commission and the authorities responsible for Member States’ national forest inventories and, where applicable, regional forest inventories;

(ca) supporting Member States to reach a common minimum level of development of their national forest inventory.

2. This Regulation lays down rules for collecting and making accessible forest data and forest information to support:

(a) the implementation and the evaluation of Union legislation and policies pertaining to the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of forest ecosystems and their services, with ▌the objective of increasing forest resilience and safeguarding multifunctionality of forests, including in relation to:

(a) climate change adaptation and mitigation;

(b) biodiversity;

(d) forest health;

(e) forest biomass use for different socio-economic purposes;

(f) invasive alien species;

(aa) long-term, science-based policy making in Member States and at Union level;

(b) ▌to increase forest resilience against wildfires, pests, droughts and other disturbances.

Article 2 Definitions

For the purposes of this Regulation, the following definitions apply:

(1) ‘geographically explicit ▌’ means forest data or forest information referenced and stored in a manner that permits it to be mapped and localised with specific precision and accuracy;

(1a) ‘geo-referenced’ means a reference to a specific geographic area within which data or other information is gathered; the area referred to may be larger than the area or point from which the data is gathered, for example in order to ensure anonymity as regards the source of gathered data/information;

(2) ‘geographic information system’ means a computer system capable of capturing, storing, analysing, and displaying geographically explicit and geo-referenced forest data and forest information;

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(4) ‘forest data’ means primary data from which information relating to the state, health and condition of forest ecosystems and their use can be derived ▌;

(4a) ‘forest statistical data’ means in situ data that is collected by national forest inventories and covered by the statistical confidentiality framework defined in Regulation (EC) No 223/2009;

(4b) ‘forest information’ means aggregated data derived from primary forest data or indicators calculated on the basis of such data.

(5) ‘Earth Observation’ means the collection of data about the physical, chemical, and biological systems of the Earth through remote sensing technologies such as satellites or airborne platforms carrying imaging or other sensors ▌;

(6) ‘forest’ means land spanning more than 0,5 hectares with trees higher than 5 metres and a tree crown cover of more than 10 %, or trees able to reach those thresholds in situ, excluding land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. It includes areas with trees, including groups of growing, young, natural trees, or plantations that have yet to reach the minimum values for tree crown cover or an equivalent stocking level or minimum tree height, including any area that normally forms part of the forest area but on which there are temporarily no trees as a result of human intervention, such as harvesting, or as a result of natural causes, but which area can be expected to revert to forest; it also includes forest roads, firebreaks and other small open areas;

(7) ‘other wooded land’ means land other than forest, spanning more than 0,5 hectares; with trees higher than 5 meters and a tree crown cover of 5 to 10 %, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ; or with a combined cover of shrubs, bushes and trees above 10 %. It excludes land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use;

(8) ‘data harmonisation’ means a process utilising available data collected through different monitoring systems such as national forest inventories to derive comparable estimates corresponding to an agreed reference description in order to calculate a common indicator;

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(10) ‘in situ data’ means data collected in the field through national forest inventories or other networks following standardised protocols, which may be accompanied by other scientifically robust methodologies that produce high quality data; it may include geographically explicit or geo-referenced locations of the data measurements obtained through systems such as Global Navigation Satellite System services.

CHAPTER 2 FOREST MONITORING

Article 3 Forest monitoring system

1. The Commission shall set up and operate, in cooperation with the Member States in accordance with Article 11, ▌a forest monitoring system comprising the following elements while ensuring that national forest monitoring systems remain the primary source of data collection and that any additional requirements do not impose unnecessary administrative burdens on Member States:

(a) a geographical information system for the mapping and localisation of forests, as set out in Article 4;

(b) a framework for collection and validation of forest data and forest information, as set out in Article 5;

1a. Member States shall use existing national forest inventories, or set up such systems with the support of the Commission, in order to collect and process forest data and calculate indicators. These systems shall be based on in situ data, in combination with Earth Observation.

2. The forest monitoring system shall be based on forest data and forest information from national forest inventory systems, complemented by data from Earth Observation. It shall consist of electronic databases and geographic information systems and shall enable the exchange and integration of forest data and forest information with other electronic databases and geographic information systems, including those developed in accordance with Part 3 of Annex V to Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Article 33 of Regulation (EU) 2023/1115.

The forest monitoring system shall ensure the regular and systematic collection of:

(a) forest data on the basis of aerial or space-borne ortho-imagery, by Copernicus Sentinel satellites or other equivalent systems;

(b) in situ data collected through a network of national monitoring sites following the methodologies of Member States’ national forest inventories.

(ba) indicators provided by the Commission as defined in Article 5(2) and Article 7(3a) or by the Member States as defined in Article 5(3).

3. The Commission shall seek the assistance of specialised bodies, Member States and leading research institutions to facilitate the setting up and operation of the forest monitoring system and to provide the competent authorities of the Member States with technical advice on forest monitoring.

4. The European Environment Agency shall provide assistance to Member States and assist the Commission in the implementation of the forest monitoring system, including in the development and operation of the Forest Information System for Europe (FISE), while ensuring that Member States retain control over their collected national forest data and that participation in data sharing remains voluntary.

5. The Commission shall share the Earth Observation data it produces free of charge with the Member States’ authorities competent for the forest monitoring system or with suppliers of services authorised by those authorities to represent them. Member States may use this system for other purposes, such as collection of data for other legislations.

5a. Member States shall subject to the confidentiality preserving safeguards referred to in Article 10a, give access to geographically explicit or geo-referenced forest data in order to calibrate the systems used to collect and analyse Earth Observation data.

5b. By way of derogation from paragraph 5a, if a Member State chooses to use its own system, the Member State concerned shall provide the Commission with the indicators listed in Annex I, based on Earth Observation and information on the methodology used for calibrating the systems used to collect and analyse the data.

Article 4 Geographical information system for forests

1. The Commission shall establish a geographical information system for ▌mapping and localisation of forests and displaying forest data and forest information and ensure that it is operational by [PO: please insert the date = 12 months after the date of entry into force of this Regulation].

2. ▌The Commission shall establish and regularly update the geographical information system on the basis of aerial or space-borne ortho-imagery data, with a uniform standard that guarantees a level of accuracy that is at least equivalent to that of cartography at a scale of 1:100 000.

2a. The geographical information system shall be able to detect if land contains or does not contain forests.

Article 5 ▌Collection framework for forest information

1. The ▌ collection framework for forest information shall be operational by [PO: please insert the date = 12 months after the entry into force of this Regulation], with regard to the collection of forest data needed to calculate the indicators referred to in paragraph 2, and by [PO: please insert the date = 30 months after the date of entry into force of this Regulation], with regard to the collection of forest data needed to calculate the indicators referred to in paragraph 3.

1a. The collection framework for forest information shall be developed to be able to also collect geographically explicit forest data, in relation to article 5(2) or when it is received on a voluntary basis by Member States.

2. The Commission shall collect the following forest data through Earth Observation, and state their accuracy, in accordance with the technical specifications set out in Annex I, thereby ensuring the standardisation of the data:

(a) forest area;

(b) tree crown cover ▌;

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(e) defoliation;

(f) forest fires;

(fa) forest disturbances caused by factors other than fires;

(g) wildfire risk assessment.

2a. For the purposes of paragraph 2, Member States shall have the possibility to validate the forest information prior to its publication to the general public. Member States shall have a period of three months to carry out such validation.

3. Member States shall collect the ▌forest data in order to produce forest information, in accordance with the technical specifications in Annex II and state its accuracy, in order to calculate the following indicators:

(-aa) forest type;

(b) growing stock volume;

(d) stand structure;

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(k) area of primary forests;

(ka) area of old-growth forests;

(l) protected forest areas;

(na) forest damages;

(nb) presence of invasive alien species;

(nc) other wooded land.

4. For the purposes of paragraph 3, ▌Member States shall collect in situ data on the basis of their national forest inventories in combination with, where available, data from remote sensing techniques such as Earth Observation, and data from other relevant information sources. The national forest inventories shall be based on a network of monitoring sites that are representative of, and consistent with, the Member State’s forest area referred to in paragraph 3, point (a), ensuring that the methodological choices of Member States are fully respected within the framework of Annex II.

5. The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts, developed in cooperation with the network of national forest inventories, in accordance with Article 14 to amend the technical specifications set out in Annexes I and II, in order to adapt them to technical and scientific progress.

Article 6 Opt-out

1. Concerning the collection of forest data referred in Article 5(2), the Member States may choose not to use the service provided by the Commission and to contribute with their own data to the operation of the forest monitoring system referred to in Article 3.

2. Where a Member State chooses the option provided for in paragraph 1, it shall:

(a) collect the forest data referred to in Article 5(2) in accordance with the technical specifications set out in Annex I;

(b) share the forest data referred to in Article 5(2) in accordance with Article 7(2);

Article 7 Forest information sharing framework

1. By [PO: please insert the date = 30 months after the date of entry into force of this Regulation], the Member States shall share the latest available forest information referred to in Article 5(3) in accordance with the technical specifications set out in Annex II to ensure harmonisation of forest information, by making them publicly accessible. ▌

2. ▌The Commission, after validation from the Member State, shall make publicly accessible the forest information for the indicators referred to in Article 5(2) ▌and in Article 7(3a). The forest information shall be accessible free of charge in an open format that is machine-readable and that ensures interoperability and re-usability in accordance with Article 5 of Directive (EU) 2019/1024.

3. The Commission shall make the following forest information publicly accessible in FISE:

(a) the forest information and indicators derived in accordance with Article 5(2) and (3);

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3a. The Commission shall make the forest information for the following indicators defined in other legislations and listed in Annex IIIa with technical specifications in line with and reported via other forest-related union policy, publicly accessible in FISE:

(a) forest connectivity;

(b) forest available for wood supply and forest not available for wood supply;

(d) removals;

(e) deadwood;

(f) forest habitats in Natura 2000 sites;

(g) common forest birds index;

(h) production and trade of wood products;

(i) forest biomass for bioenergy;

(j) presence of invasive alien species;

5. The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 14 to amend the list of indicators in Article 7( 3a), and Annex IIIa, and their technical specifications, to be in line with any updates of existing legislation or introduction of new legislation.

The Commission is empowered to adopt implementing acts laying down technical rules and procedures for the sharing and the harmonisation of forest data under this Regulation. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 15(2).

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Article 9 Compatible information storage and exchange systems

1. The Commission and the Member States shall cooperate to develop compatible data and information storage and exchange systems for the collection and sharing of forest data and forest information under the forest monitoring system, with the assistance of specialised bodies referred to in Article 3(3).

2. The Commission is empowered to adopt implementing acts laying down rules on procedures and formats to be used to ensure the compatibility of data and information storage and exchange systems referred to in paragraph 1, and to establish confidentiality preserving safeguards for the inclusion into those ▌storage and exchange systems of data and information relating to geographically explicit locations. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 15(2).

Article 10 Data quality control and interpretation

1. The Commission and each Member State shall, respectively, be responsible for the quality ▌ of the forest data and forest information that it collects and shares under the forest monitoring system.

1a. For this purpose, and in relation to the assessments set out in paragraph 2, Member States and the Commission shall develop, or use existing methodological standards for the collection of forest data and data aggregation and shall share their respective processes by [5 years] after the entry into force;

1b. Member States and the Commission shall cooperate with the purpose of creating a shared methodology for the harmonization of forest information to be used at the level of the Union;

2. Member States and the Commission shall make regular assessments every [30] [months] of the quality of the forest data and information shared in accordance with this Regulation, on the basis of the methodological standards referred to in paragraph 1a.

▌Member States shall publish and submit to the Commission their assessment reports on the accuracy of forest data and forest information and where the assessment reveals deficiencies they shall propose possible remedial actions. Where appropriate, the Commission shall also recommend remedial actions, including a descriptions of these actions and the timetable for their implementation by 1 July the following ▌ year ▌. The assessment reports by Member States and the Commission shall be made public.

3a. The national forest inventory or competent authority designated by the Member State shall cooperate with the Commission to develop a common understanding of the interpretation of forest information collected, prior to any publication of this interpretation, by the Commission.

Article 10a Data protection

1. Data collected under this Regulation shall be processed and shared in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2016/679, Regulation 2018/1725 and, for forest statistical data, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 223/2009. In particular the disclosure of data to the general public that would allow identification of forest owners or forest managers is prohibited.

2. The Commission shall adopt delegated act for ensuring the forest monitoring system has robust safeguards to prevent the disclosure of sensitive data, such as, but not limited to:

a. the geographically explicit location of monitoring sites used to collect in situ data;

b. the geographically explicit location of areas used to calibrate remote sensing techniques, such as the Copernicus.

3. The sharing of forest information under this Regulation shall not adversely affect national security and defence, in particular for Member States that border countries whose geographic security is compromised or who are engaged in a military conflict with direct consequences for the territorial integrity of the EU and its Member States or bordering partner-countries or Member States that are at higher risk of being targeted by hybrid threats.

CHAPTER 3 INTEGRATED GOVERNANCE

Article 11 Coordination and cooperation

1. The Member States and the Commission shall coordinate their efforts and cooperate to improve the quality, timeliness and coverage of forest information within the Standing Forest and Forestry Expert Group and in collaboration with the national forest inventories, where they exist.

1a. The Commission shall support the Member States, upon request, in the development and adaptation of national or regional (1166) forest inventories, and where applicable, of strategies, by promoting the exchange of knowledge.

3. Member States and the authorities responsible for the national forest inventories shall further enhance cooperation among each other and coordinate their actions to improve the quality, timeliness and coverage of forest data. Such cooperation and coordination shall be based on open scientific debate and shall aim to promote impartial scientific advice and to supporting the setting up of national forest inventories in case these are not yet existing.

4. Member States and the Commission may use existing regional, national and international institutional cooperation structures, including those under regional Conventions and other forest relevant fora and processes.

4a. Through the work of national forest inventories and relevant networks, Member States and the Commission should coordinate closely to aim at harmonizing the reporting of forest information. For this, the criteria and indicators, and the recommendations adopted by FOREST EUROPE should be closely considered to avoid double reporting.

Article 12 National correspondents

1. Each Member State shall designate a national correspondent representing national inventories and shall inform the Commission thereof.

2. The national correspondent shall, in particular, carry out the following tasks:

(a) coordinate the preparation and validation of the forest information and indicators to be shared under this Regulation, taking into consideration all national and regional competent authorities, including those responsible for environmental protection, climate mitigation and adaptation, disaster risk prevention and management;

(b) coordinate attendance of relevant experts in ▌meetings, including experts on environmental protection, climate change, biodiversity and disaster risk prevention, organised by the Commission and other relevant bodies.

3. The national correspondent shall serve as focal point for the exchange of information between the Commission and the Member State for the development or adaptation of the voluntary integrated long-term planning referred to in Article 13. Where several authorities in a Member State are participating in the development or adaptation of the voluntary integrated long-term forest planning, the national correspondent shall be responsible for the coordination of that work.

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CHAPTER 4 FINAL PROVISIONS

Article 14 Exercise of the delegation

1. The power to adopt delegated acts is conferred on the Commission subject to the conditions laid down in this Article.

2. The power to adopt delegated acts referred to in Article 5(5), Article 7(5), first subparagraph, Article 8(1) and Article 10(3) shall be conferred on the Commission for an indeterminate period of time from [PO: please insert the date = the date of entry into force of this Regulation].

3. The delegation of power referred to in Article 5(5), Article 7(5), first subparagraph, Article 8(1) and Article 10(3) may be revoked at any time by the European Parliament or by the Council. A decision to revoke shall put an end to the delegation of the power specified in that decision. It shall take effect the day following the publication of the decision in the Official Journal of the European Union or at a later date specified therein. It shall not affect the validity of any delegated acts already in force.

4. Before adopting a delegated act, the Commission shall consult experts designated by each Member State in accordance with the principles laid down in the Interinstitutional Agreement of 13 April 2016 on Better Law-Making, and experts from the network of National Forest Inventories.

5. As soon as it adopts a delegated act, the Commission shall notify it simultaneously to the European Parliament and to the Council.

6. Delegated acts adopted pursuant to Article 5(5), Article 7(5), first subparagraph, Article 8(1) and Article 10(3) shall enter into force only if no objection has been expressed either by the European Parliament or by the Council within a period of 2 months of notification of that act to the European Parliament and the Council or if, before the expiry of that period, the European Parliament and the Council have both informed the Commission that they will not object. That period shall be extended by 2 months at the initiative of the European Parliament or of the Council.

Article 15 Committee procedure

1. The Commission shall be assisted by a committee. That committee shall be a committee within the meaning of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011.

2. Where reference is made to this Article, Article 5 of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 shall apply.

Article 16 Review

1. The Commission shall regularly evaluate the application of this Regulation ▌, taking into account the relevant developments concerning Union legislation, international frameworks, technological and scientific progress, additional monitoring needs and the quality of forest data and forest information shared in accordance with this Regulation.

1a. By ... [OP please insert the date = 5 years after the entry into force of this Regulation], and every [5] years thereafter, the Commission shall submit a report to the European Parliament, to the Council, to the European Economic and Social Committee and to the Committee of the Regions on the application of the Annexes, including an assessment on the need to modify the list of indicators and technical specifications set out therein in order to ensure their adequacy with the objectives laid down in Article 1a and with the most recent scientific progress and evidence. The report shall be accompanied, where appropriate, by a legislative proposal to amend the list of indicators set out in the Annexes by establishing new ones or deleting existing ones, including their technical specifications.

1b. By ... [OP please insert the date = 10 years after the entry into force of this Regulation], and every [10] years thereafter, the Commission shall submit a report to the European Parliament, to the Council, to the European Economic and Social Committee and to the Committee of the Regions on the application of this Regulation in its entirety, including an assessment on its impact as regards the achievement of the objectives laid down in Article 1a, and the need to further revise this Regulation in light of relevant developments as referred to in paragraph 1. The report shall, where appropriate, be accompanied by a legislative proposal.

1c. For the purpose of the evaluation and review referred to in paragraphs 1, 1a and 1b, the Commission shall cooperate closely with Member States and relevant experts.

2. By [OP please insert the date = five years after the entry into force of this Regulation], following the review as referred to in paragraph 1 and 1a, the Commission shall report to the European Parliament and to the Council on the implementation of this Regulation.

Article 17 Entry into force

This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.

This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.

Done at ...,

For the European Parliament For the Council

The President The President

ANNEX I

LIST OF FOREST DATA REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 5(2) AND THEIR TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

(a) Forest area

Description: area of forest, whereby the minimum mapping unit shall be 0,5 ha.

Spatial resolution: 10m or finer.

Frequency: at least annual.

(b) Tree Crown Cover ▌

Description: level of tree cover density ranging from 0 to 100%. Tree cover density is defined as a vertical projection of tree crowns to horizontal Earth’s surface and provides information on the proportional crown coverage per pixel.

Spatial resolution: 10m or finer.

Frequency: at least annual.

▌

(e) Defoliation

Description: significant negative deviation of the Leaf Area Index (LAI) in forest, expressed as % decrease of LAI compared to its historical baseline, established based on Copernicus data. LAI characterizes the amount of leaves of plant canopies, defined as the one-sided green leaf area per unit ground surface area in broadleaf canopies and as half the total needle surface area per unit ground area in coniferous canopies.

Spatial resolution: 300m or finer.

Frequency: at least every two weeks.

(f) Forest fires

Data listed below are to be provided on the basis of the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) products. Reports of forest information or indicators extracted from the data collected by EFFIS shall be validated by Member States and disclosed at aggregated level.

i. Fire events

Description: an individual fire event with a delimited fire perimeter. The fire perimeter can be established on the basis of the burned area produced by the fire or by the accumulation of thermal anomalies detected by satellite sensors, which will result in a burnt area with a specific fire perimeter. Fire events are characterized by date of fire occurrence, duration of the fire and fire size.

Spatial resolution: 375m or finer.

Frequency: at least once per week.

ii. Burnt forest areas

Description: an area that has been damaged by the occurrence of wildfires and detected by the decrease of the spectral response of the vegetation after the fire with respect to the pre-fire conditions.

Spatial resolution: 20 m or finer.

Frequency: at least once per week.

iii. Fire severity

Description: short-term degree of damage caused by a wildfire to the vegetation and expressed in categories: unburned, scorched, light, moderate and heavy. Severity is measure as the difference between pre-fire vegetation conditions to post-fire vegetation state and evaluated shortly after the occurrence of a fire event.

Spatial resolution: 20 m or finer.

Frequency: Every two weeks.

iv. Post-fire soil erosion

Description: potential losses of soil due to the removal of vegetation by wildfires. It is measured on the basis of the type of vegetation affected, the severity of the fire, which implies the partial or total removal of vegetation cover, and the use of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation as defined in Bosco, C. et al. (2015), Modelling soil erosion at European scale: towards harmonization and reproducibility, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 225–245, which considers potential weather impacts on the soil surface.

Spatial resolution: 1 km2 or finer.

Frequency: Every two weeks.

v. Post-fire event recovery

Description: degree of recovery of the vegetation cover in an area affected by wildfires and expressed as a percentage of the pre-fire vegetation state. Monitoring and analysis of vegetation recovery is done on the basis of land cover type existing prior to the wildfire event.

Spatial resolution: 20 m or finer.

Frequency: at least annual.

(g) Wildfire risk assessment

i. Dead fuel moisture content

Description: fuel moisture is a measure of the amount of water in a fuel (vegetation) available to a fire and is expressed as a percent of the dry weight of that specific fuel. For the purposes of fire danger computation, fuel moisture is computed based on meteorological variables. Proxys of fuel moisture content for fine fuels, intermediate-fuel size and thick fuels are provided by the fuel moisture contents of the Fire Weather Index as defined in Van Wagner, C.E., Pickett, T.L., 1985. Equations and FORTRAN program for the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System. Forestry Technical Report. Canadian Forestry Service, Ottawa, Canada.

Spatial resolution: 8 km or finer.

Frequency: yearly data from accumulated daily values.

ii. Live fuel moisture content

Description: Fuel moisture is a measure of the amount of water in a fuel (vegetation) available to a fire and is expressed as a percent of the dry weight of that specific fuel. For live vegetation, the live fuel moisture content can be obtained from the inversion of radiative transfer models of vegetation types.

Spatial resolution: 500 m or finer.

Frequency: at least monthly.

iii. Fuel type map

Description: map of distribution of different fuel types. A fuel type is an identifiable association of fuel elements of distinctive species, form, size, arrangement, or other characteristics that will cause a predictable rate of spread or resistance to control under specified weather conditions, using standard fire behaviour fuel models.

Spatial resolution: 100 m or finer.

Frequency: at least every 2 years.

(ha) Forest disturbances caused by factors other than fires;

Description: maps of areas where forest cover and the forest ecosystem were significantly, but most likely temporarily, changed by acute natural disturbances such as drought, storms, flooding, excessive snow or pest and diseases. Reports on data or indicators withdrawn shall be validated by Member States and disclosed at aggregated level. The data products contain the following components:

(i) an annual report provided by Member States of disturbances with an indication of the likely disturbance agent, where it was located and of the time of the year it initiated;

(ii) near-real-time disturbance monitoring, providing geolocated alerts to affected Member States indicating where an acute forest disturbance appears to be taking place, or to have taken place recently.

Further technical specifications: to be provided by the delegated acts referred to in Article 5.

ANNEX II

LIST OF FOREST DATA REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 5(3) AND THEIR TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

(aa) Forest type

Description: forest land cover with a tree cover density above 10% by a dominant leaf type (broadleaf or coniferous), excluding areas under agricultural and urban land use, whereby the minimum mapping unit shall be 0,5ha.

Frequency: every 5 years.

(ab) Forest damages

Description: Description: Forest and other wooded land with damage, classified by primary damaging agent (abiotic, biotic and human induced).

Frequency: every 5 years.

(ac) Presence of invasive alien species

Description: Presence of invasive alien plant and tree species in forest areas, as defined in the list of invasive alien species of Union concern established in accordance with Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) 1143/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council.

Spatial resolution: National

Frequency: Every 5 years.

(ad) Other wooded land

Description: Share of other wooded land.

Spatial resolution: National and NUTS 3.

Frequency: Every 5 years.

(b) Growing stock volume (per hectare)

Description: The aggregated above-ground volume of all living and standing stems over a forest area ▌. Included are over-bark stem volumes—from the stump height to and including the stem top—of living stems with a diameter at breast height of more than 10 cm (height of more than 1.30 m). Excludes branches, twigs, foliage, flowers, seeds and roots.

Unit: m3 ha-1 .

Spatial resolution: national, NUTS 2 ▌.

Minimum frequency of data collection and sharing: 5 years.

Accuracy: Confidence interval of data to be provided.

Description: gross annual increment minus the average annual natural losses, i.e. trees that die during the period between two ground monitoring site surveys and remain unharvested in the forest ▌.

Gross annual increment is defined as the average annual increment of living trees over the forest area during the period between two ground monitoring site surveys. It is expressed in terms of volume increment and includes the growth components of trees with a diameter at breast height ≥ 7.5 cm. Volume increment includes the over-bark increment of the stem from stump height to the top diameter of 7 cm, and for broadleaves additionally includes large branches with a minimum diameter of 7 cm.

Net annual increment corresponds to gross annual increment by referring to the same specified forest area, to the same period between two ground monitoring site surveys, using the same thresholds and including the same tree parts.

Unit: m3 ha-1 year-1

Spatial resolution: national, NUTS 2 ▌.

Accuracy: confidence interval of data to be provided.

Minimum frequency of data collection and sharing: 5 years.

(d) Stand structure

Description: variety in diameter distribution in a given forest area.

Unit: number of trees per hectare by ‘diameter at breast height’ classes and tree species.

Spatial resolution: NUTS 3

Minimum frequency of data collection and sharing: 5 years.

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(k) Area of primary and old-growth forests

Description: Area location of primary and old-growth forests, as defined by Member State

Spatial resolution: National

Timeline: Area shared by 1 January 2028, then updated every 5 years.

(l) Protected forest areas

Description: aggregated area of forests within protected areas, consistent with reporting on Nationally designated areas to the European Environment Agency, divided by their levels of protection, including strict protection, and the associated management regimes as specified in national legislation or other relevant documents.

Spatial resolution: NUTS 3

Timeline: Every 5 years.

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ANNEX IIIa

DESCRIPTIONS FOR FOREST DATA REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 7(3a)

(a) Forest connectivity

Description: degree of compactness of forest areas. It is defined in the range of 0 to 100.

Method: as developed by FAO, Vogt P., et al., FAO – State of the World’s Forests: Forest Fragmentation, JRC Technical Report, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2019.

Unit: Index

Spatial resolution: National.

Frequency: at least every 6 years.

(b) Forest available for wood supply and forest not available for wood supply

Description: division of forest area into:

(i) Forest available for wood supply - forests where environmental, social or economic restrictions do not have a significant impact on the current or potential supply of wood. These restrictions can be established by legal acts, managerial or owner’s decisions or by other factors.

(ii) Forest not available for wood supply - all forest area that is not considered available for wood supply pursuant to point (a). These are forests where environmental, social, economic or legal restrictions prevent any significant wood supply. It includes:

(1) forests with legal restrictions or restrictions resulting from other policy decisions that totally exclude or severely limit wood supply for reasons such as environmental or biodiversity conservation (protection forest, national parks, nature reserves and other protected areas such as those of special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural or spiritual interest);

(2) forests where physical productivity or wood quality is too low or harvesting and transport costs are too high to justify wood harvesting, apart from occasional cuttings for auto-consumption.

Unit: share of forest area.

Spatial resolution: national and NUTS2 value.

Minimum frequency of data collection and sharing: annual.

Description: mean number of tree species (or lower taxonomic ranks, where relevant) in forest areas. Methodology: Based on FOREST EUROPE, State of Europe’s Forests 2020, FOREST EUROPE 2020, and in the description of national forest inventories in Tomppo E. et al., National Forest Inventories, Pathways for Common Reporting, Springer, 2010.

Unit: Index

Spatial resolution: National

Minimum frequency of data collection and sharing: 6 years.

(d) Removals

Description: Volume of all trees that are harvested and removed from forests, including wood recovered from natural losses, during the period defined as calendar year or forest year. It includes harvested stem wood and non-stem wood such as branches, roots and stumps. It is an aggregate comprising wood fuel and industrial roundwood.

Unit: 1000 m3 under bark

Spatial resolution: national, distinguished by broadleaved and coniferous species.

Minimum frequency of data collection and sharing: annual.

(e) Deadwood

Description: volume of standing and lying dead trees and dead lying woody debris, larger than or equal to 10cm in diameter, in a forest area. The volume of dead standing and lying wood includes stumps and roots.

Unit: m3 ha-1

Spatial resolution: national.

Minimum frequency of data collection and sharing: 5 years.

(f) Forest habitats in Natura 2000 sites

Description: Forest habitats as listed in point 9 of Annex I to Directive 92/43/EEC within sites of Community importance and special areas of conservation designated in accordance with Article 4 of that Directive.

Minimum frequency of data collection and sharing: 6 years.

(g) Common forest birds index

Description: the forest bird indicator describes trends in the abundance of common forest birds across their European ranges over time. It is a composite index created from observational data of bird species characteristic for forest habitats in Europe. The index is based on a specific list of species in each Member State. The index is based on a methodology as in Brlík et al. Long-term and large-scale multispecies dataset tracking population changes of common European breeding birds, Sci Data 8, 21. 2021.

Minimum frequency of data collection and sharing: 6 years.

(ga) Production and trade of wood products

Description: data on production and trade of wood products as specified in the Joint Forest Sector Questionnaire and the relevant user manuals.

Minimum frequency of data collection and sharing: two years, data sharing aligned with the timeline of the Joint Forest Sector Questionnaire initiative.

(h) Forest biomass for bioenergy

Description:

(i) data on the use of forest biomass for energy production consistent with reporting in accordance with Part I, point (m) (1) of Annex IX to Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 , divided into the following categories of users:

(1) Energy producer as main activity: plants that generate electricity and/or heat for sale to third parties, as their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. The sale need not take place through the public grid.

(2) Autoproducers: plants that generate electricity and/or heat wholly or partly for their own use as an activity which supports their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. Fuel used for heat production consumed within the autoproducer’s establishment is included here.

(3) Households: includes consumption by households, excluding fuels used for transport. It includes households with employed persons.

(4) Other sectors: comprises any other economic sector that is not included in the above mentioned (e.g., agriculture, forestry and fishing, commercial and public services and transport).

(ii) data on the production of ‘wood pellets and wood briquettes’ consistent with values reported in accordance with Part I, point (m), (1) (a), (b) and (c) of Annex IX to Regulation (EU) 2018/1999, divided by the feedstock types included in the abovementioned points (a), (b) and (c).

Unit: all the items shall be reported in 1 000 m3 solid volume, except for black liquor and crude tall oil which should be reported in tonnes. For the categories of Part 1, point (m), (1)(b)(iii), (1)(c), (1)(d)(i), and (1)(d)(ii) of Annex IX to Regulation (EU) 2018/1999, the conversion factors to 1 000 m3 solid wood equivalent shall be reported as defined by UNECE. 2010. Forest product conversion factors for the UNECE region. Geneva.

Frequency of data collection and sharing: 2 years, data sharing to be aligned with the timeline for reporting obligation of Part 1, point (m), of Annex IX to Regulation (EU) 2018/1999.

(i) Presence of invasive alien species

Spatial resolution:

National Frequency: Every 6 years.

Or. en