On the implementation of the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement

EXPLANATORY STATEMENT - SUMMARY OF FACTS AND FINDINGS

The Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the EU and the UK

The Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) establishes a new framework for the post-Brexit relationship between the European Union (EU) and the United Kingdom (UK). It was signed on 30 December 2020 and entered into force on 1 January 2021. The TCA provides the basis for comprehensive relations between the parties, which covers a wide variety of areas including trade, energy, judicial cooperation in criminal matters and law enforcement, fisheries, transport and social security coordination. Furthermore, the TCA ensures a level playing field for fair competition and sustainable development, including dispute settlement and governance mechanisms, as well as respect for fundamental rights.

The TCA between the UK and the EU is unique amongst other Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) between the EU and third countries as this agreement deals with trade and cooperation with a former EU Member State. In this way, this TCA replaced trade arrangements and cooperation which had been in place whilst the UK was still a Member State and benefitted from the EU Customs Union and the single market.

EU-UK relations

Despite Brexit, the UK and the EU remain allies and neighbours with a long shared history, continuing to uphold common interests and values on the global stage. Engagement between the UK and EU has improved since the political agreement on the Windsor Framework in February 2023 and more recently with the UK Prime Minister’s pledge to renew the UK’s relationship with the EU in July 2024.

The new UK Government has signalled an interest in exploring new possible areas of collaboration with the EU based on three pillars: foreign policy, defence, and security cooperation; safety of citizens; growth and trade. The red lines set by the UK Government continue to be: no single market membership, no customs union and no freedom of movement.

On 2 October 2024, the UK Prime Minister Starmer and the European Commission President von der Leyen’s first meeting resulted in a commitment to hold regular EU-UK Summits, with the first scheduled for 19 May 2025. Furthermore, the leaders reiterated their unwavering support for Ukraine’s sovereignty and agreed to strengthen EU-UK cooperation on global challenges such as economic headwinds, geopolitical competition, irregular migration, climate change, and energy prices.

At the General Affairs Council meeting of 17 December 2024, Ministers exchanged views on the EU-UK relations. They recalled the necessity of the full and faithful implementation of existing agreements and called for close cooperation with the UK in the field of foreign and security policy. Other priority areas considered were youth exchanges, fisheries and energy. On 18 March 2025 the General Affairs Council held another debate on the EU-UK relations in view of the EU-UK Summit of 19 May 2025. Ministers stressed the importance of working more closely with the UK in the field of security and defence.

On 2 April 2025, the European Parliament, in its resolutions on CFSP and CSDP, welcomed the renewed impetus from the new UK Government to reflect with the EU on possibilities for closer and more permanent foreign policy and security cooperation. It also highlighted the scope of the issues of common interest in fields such as defence, climate and energy, border management, the fight against terrorism, organised crime and the promotion of peace and stability.

The link between the Withdrawal Agreement and the Trade and Cooperation Agreement

Most of the challenges over the implementation of both agreements have been linked to the UK’s refusal to uphold its legal obligations under the Withdrawal Agreement. However, in the Windsor Political Declaration of 27 February 2023, both the European Commission and the UK Government expressed their intention to fully exploit the potential of the TCA in the future.

The Windsor Framework aims to address the implementation challenges associated with the type of Brexit chosen by the UK, that the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland tried to resolve in order to maintain the stability and peace brought about through the Good Friday Agreement, with an open and seamless border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. The broad support for the Framework, as demonstrated by the vote of 10 December 2024 in the Northern Ireland Assembly, has increased expectations of a positive spillover into other areas of cooperation between the EU and the UK.

Institutional structure and role of the European Parliament

The institutional arrangements provided for in the TCA are fully operational since 2022. All joint bodies are up and running, holding regular meetings. The constructive involvement of civil society is a welcome development.

Concerning bilateral relations between the European Parliament and the Parliament of the UK, the establishment of the EU-UK Parliamentary Partnership Assembly (PPA) has been a successful undertaking in line with the TCA, which promotes cooperation on common challenges. Since its establishment in 2022, it has met five times, most recently on 17-18 March 2025 in Brussels, marked by a spirit of cooperation and renewed enthusiasm for the partnership.

Concerning the involvement of UK devolved nations in the PPA, two Members of each of the devolved Assemblies are invited to participate as Observers by the UK Parliament. The European Parliament invites the President of the Committee of the Regions and the European Economic and Social Committee.

Free trade agreement: economic and social partnership

The TCA establishes a new economic and social partnership with the UK, covering not just trade in goods and services, but other areas as well, such as investment, competition, State aid, tax transparency, air and road transport, energy and sustainability, fisheries, personal data protection, and social security coordination. The TCA is the first FTA ever concluded by the EU providing zero tariffs and zero quotas on all goods that comply with the appropriate rules of origin.

Level playing field provisions are a crucial tenet of the agreement, whereby both parties have committed to maintaining high levels of protection in areas of the environmental protection, the fight against climate change and carbon pricing, social and labour rights, tax transparency and State aid, with effective, domestic enforcement, a binding dispute settlement mechanism and the possibility for both parties to take remedial measures.

The TCA establishes a new framework for the joint management of fish stocks in EU and UK waters.

On transport, the agreement provides for continued and sustainable air, road, rail and maritime connectivity, though market access falls below what the Single Market offers. It contains rules on competition, ensuring level playing field not to undermine passenger rights, worker’s rights and transport safety.

For energy, a new model for trading and interconnectivity has been set up, with guarantees for open and fair competition, including on safety standards for offshore, and production of renewable energy.

The TCA aims at ensuring a number of rights of EU citizens and UK nationals in the field of the social security coordination. This applies to citizens working in, travelling or moving to the other party of the TCA after 1 January 2021.

The TCA also provides for the possibility for the UK to participate in certain EU programmes subject to the adoption of bilateral protocols and financial contributions. As of 1 January 2024, the UK participates as an associated country in Horizon Europe Programme and in the Copernicus Programme.

Cooperation on Foreign Policy, Security and Defence

Despite the inclusion of EU-UK cooperation on foreign policy, external security and defence in the Political Declaration accompanying the Withdrawal Agreement, the UK government ultimately chose not to pursue negotiations on cooperation in this area within the TCA. Since January 2021, no bilateral, institutionalised framework exists through which a coordinated and unified response to foreign policy challenges can be agreed.

Nonetheless, cooperation between the EU and the UK in this area has been strong, particularly since the start of Russia’s illegal and unjustified war of aggression against Ukraine. While coordination has taken place through various frameworks and on a more ad hoc basis, it has delivered a strong and unified response in support of Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.

On 14 October 2024, UK Foreign Secretary David Lammy participated in the Foreign Affairs Council, with talks focussing on the main challenges facing European security. Furthermore, High Representative Borrell and UK Foreign Secretary Lammy agreed that the EU and the UK would establish a six-monthly Foreign Policy Dialogue to enable strategic cooperation on the highest priority issues of joint interest, namely on Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine, the Indo-pacific, hybrid threats and the Western Balkans.

On 3 February 2025 Prime Minister Starmer participated at a dinner with EU leaders discussing European defence and security at their informal meeting. Furthermore, the UK Prime Minister played an active role in initiating the ‘coalition of the willing’ aimed at establishing a coordinated international framework for the provision of support and assistance to Ukraine.

In its March 2025 White Paper on European Defence Readiness 2030, the European Commission recognised the UK as a key European ally and called for closer security and defence cooperation in mutual interest, including a potential Security and Defence Partnership. It emphasised opportunities to build on existing agreements and expand collaboration in areas such as crisis management and defence industrial policy.

The Parliament, in its resolution on the White Paper, recognised the need for the EU to act urgently to ensure its own autonomous security, while strengthening partnerships with like-minded partners and reducing its dependencies on non-EU countries. The Parliament insisted on the need to ensure geographical coherence by taking stock of the will of the EU and the UK, first and foremost to build security guarantees for Ukraine and become even closer security partner.

The Parliament recognises the contributions of the UK to Europe’s security and stability and welcomes the UK Government’s renewed commitment to explore closer and more lasting cooperation with the EU on foreign policy and security. In today’s geopolitical situation, the benefits of coordination between close geographical neighbours with shared democratic values are more evident than ever. Strengthening such cooperation not only reinforces mutual security and resilience, but also opens the door to developing a more structured cooperation, focused on achieving common.

On the procedure

The EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) is based on Article 217 (Part five: The Union’s external action, Title V: International Agreements), in conjunction with Article 218 (Part five: External action by the Union, Title IV: Restrictive measures), of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).

The TCA is unprecedented in terms of international agreements, due to its scope and complexity. Article 776 of the TCA puts an obligation for the parties to jointly review the implementation of the Agreement and supplementing agreements as well as any matters related thereto five years after its entry into force, and every five years thereafter.

Parliament therefore has developed a comprehensive, effective and transparent scrutiny process of the TCA, while ensuring a coherent and unified approach. Implementation reports on international agreements must take due account of the availability of reliable facts regarding the state of implementation of the relevant legislation. Effective scrutiny relies on the knowledge and expertise of all involved committees in accordance with their responsibilities and working practices. The monitoring of the TCA’s implementation is carried out by the Committees in a coordinated and inclusive manner, in full respect of their competences as laid out in Annex VI of the Rules of Procedure.

The report is the second evaluation by the European Parliament of the implementation of the TCA, since its provisional application from 1 January 2021 and entry into force on 1 May 2021. Since the entry into force, the Commission has published four implementation reports of the agreement for the years 2021 to 2024.

The report aims to take stock of the main issues linked to the implementation of the TCA, its satisfactory aspects and areas where implementation work needs to begin, and where work needs to continue, also highlighting elements which require continuous monitoring and scrutiny, including through the civil society and in particular, the domestic advisory group’s involvement.

The report has been elaborated in an inclusive manner by involving parliamentary committees in the broadest possible terms and recognising the particular sectorial expertise of each committee. Notably, ten parliamentary committees have been associated to the procedure under Rule 57 of the Rules of Procedure, namely BUDG, ECON, EMPL, ENVI, ITRE, IMCO, TRAN, PECH, CULT and LIBE.

On 8 April 2025, the joint AFET -INTA committee held a public hearing ‘The implementation of the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement’ with the participation of four experts and the Commission.

MOTION FOR A EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT RESOLUTION

on the implementation of the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement

(2024/2108(INI))

The European Parliament,

– having regard to the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,

– having regard to the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part (‘TCA’),

– having regard to the Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community (the ‘Withdrawal Agreement’),

– having regard to the Windsor Framework that lists the provisions of Union law which are to apply to and in the United Kingdom in respect of Northern Ireland,

– having regard to the Commission report of 21 March 2024 on the implementation and application of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: 1 January – 31 December 2023 (COM(2024)0127),

– having regard to the Commission report of 4 April 2025 on the implementation and application of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: 1 January – 31 December 2024 (COM(2025)0149),

– having regard to its resolutions of 2 April 2025 on the implementation of the common foreign and security policy – annual report 2024 and on the implementation of the common security and defence policy – annual report 2024,

– having regard to Regulation (EU) 2023/657 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2023 laying down rules for the exercise of the Union’s rights in the implementation and enforcement of the Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part,

– having regard to its resolution of 23 November 2023 on the implementation of the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement,

– having regard to the meetings and positions of the EU-UK Parliamentary Partnership Assembly (PPA),

– having regard to the Joint White Paper for European Defence Readiness 2030 of 19 March 2025 (JOIN(2025)0120),

– having regard to its resolution of 12 March 2025 on the white paper on the future of European defence,

– having regard to Sauli Niinistö’s report of 30 October 2024 entitled ‘Safer Together - strengthening Europe’s civil and military preparedness and readiness’,

– having regard to the Commission proposal of 19 March 2025 for a Council Regulation establishing the Security Action for Europe (SAFE) through the reinforcement of European defence industry Instrument (COM(2025)0122),

– having regard to the European Convention on Human Rights,

– having regard to the European Social Charter,

– having regard to International Labour Organization (ILO) Conventions and Protocols, in particular the ILO’s fundamental instruments,

– having regard to Rule 55 of its Rules of Procedure, as well as Article 1(1)(f) of, and Annex 3 to, the decision of the Conference of Presidents of 11 December 2024 on the procedure for granting authorisation to draw up own-initiative reports,

– having regard to the opinions of the Committee on Budgets, Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs, Committee on Employment and Social Affairs, Committee on the Environment, Climate and Food Safety, Committee on Industry, Research and Energy, Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection, Committee on Transport and Tourism, Committee on Fisheries, Committee on Culture and Education and the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs,

– having regard to the report of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on International Trade (A100000/2025),

A. whereas the EU and the UK, as part of the same continent and bound by shared values, are facing a serious volatile global security situation marked by rising geopolitical tensions; whereas they have demonstrated the political determination to work together and continue to be strong partners in addressing global challenges and security threats, most visibly in supporting Ukraine to defend itself against Russia’s aggression;

B. whereas multilateralism and free trade are core principles of both the EU and the UK; whereas the TCA provides the necessary legal certainty to foster trade and promote smooth cooperation;

C. whereas the governance structures established under the TCA, including the Partnership Council and other joint bodies, have functioned effectively, with over 35 meetings held in 2024 to monitor the implementation of the Agreement;

D. whereas the TCA covers areas such as trade, energy, fisheries, transport, judicial and law enforcement cooperation, and social security coordination, providing a comprehensive framework and ensuring a level playing field;

E. whereas the TCA does not include a cooperation arrangement on foreign, security and defence policy; whereas both the EU and the UK recognise the value of structured cooperation in these areas, especially given the current geopolitical challenges; whereas such cooperation would strengthen European security, resilience and prosperity for all citizens;

F. whereas the Withdrawal Agreement and the TCA constitute a common framework for the UK’s relationship with the EU; whereas both agreements have been ratified by the EU and the UK and are legally binding treaties under international law; whereas the relationship between the EU and the UK must be based on full respect for and the effective application of these international commitments;

G. whereas the implementation of the TCA is directly linked to the full implementation of the Withdrawal Agreement; whereas its full implementation was delayed while the EU and the UK were finding common solutions to the practical challenges created in the implementation of the Protocol on Ireland / Northern Ireland resulting from Brexit;

H. whereas the Windsor Framework, concluded in 2023, addresses the practical challenges that have arisen in the operation of the Protocol on Ireland / Northern Ireland over the first years of its implementation and creates legal certainty, therefore, paving the way for full implementation; whereas the Windsor Framework covers a wide range of areas, such as customs, agri-food, medicines, State aid, VAT and excise duties;

I. whereas the conclusion of the Windsor Framework as well as the UK Prime Minister’s pledge to ‘reset’ the UK’s relationship with the EU in July 2024 opened a new chapter in relations between the EU and the UK;

J. whereas the first EU-UK Summit, scheduled for 19 May 2025, is expected to provide an impetus for exploring opportunities to deepen the EU-UK partnership in a mutually beneficial manner, with security and defence likely to be a key area of focus;

K. whereas the importance of transparency in international trade and investment is to the benefit of all stakeholders and parties; whereas a predictable commercial environment that fosters trade and investment between the EU and the UK is welcome;

L. whereas it is the general assessment of the Commission that the TCA is a modern and comprehensive agreement, reflecting the EU’s interests on trade and cooperation, while, at the same time, preserving the red lines that were established by the EU institutions and the Member States during the UK’s withdrawal process; whereas for the years 2021 to 2024, the Commission, in its annual implementation reports, established that, overall, the trade arrangements for goods and services established in the TCA have functioned well, despite minor implementation issues;

M. whereas under the TCA, service suppliers or investors from the EU must not be treated any less favourably than UK operators in the UK and vice versa; whereas the non-discrimination principle applies to a wide range of economic activities, including the provision of services, the establishment of businesses and the protection of intellectual property rights;

N. whereas the UK applies its sponsorship system for work visas to EU service providers, and as a result, a UK employer wanting to employ an EU worker needs to be licenced by the UK Home Office and then assign a certificate of sponsorship to the EU worker, and pays fees for that worker to be able to apply for a visa (with additional fees);

O. whereas UK public procurement markets remain open to EU bidders and vice versa on an equal footing; whereas both parties must ensure that the procurement process is fair, transparent and open to competition; whereas the UK and the EU have also agreed to maintain their existing procurement commitments under the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Agreement on Government Procurement, which further opens up their public procurement markets to businesses from other countries;

P. whereas the TCA is the only free trade agreement concluded by the EU establishing zero tariffs and zero quotas on all goods that comply with the appropriate rules of origin; whereas trade statistics for the period since the TCA’s entry into force demonstrate that trade flows between the EU and the UK have been negatively impacted by the UK’s withdrawal; whereas trade between the UK and the EU in goods has remained stagnant; whereas the year 2024 confirmed that the EU’s trade in goods and services with other trading partners has grown significantly more than its trade with the UK over a comparable period;

Q. whereas, for the further implementation of the TCA, particular monitoring efforts should be focused on possible regulatory divergences that will increase over time; whereas comprehensive regulatory cooperation between the parties is of the utmost importance; whereas it is a positive sign that only two relevant official complaints were received from stakeholders about the implementation of the TCA through the Commission’s online tool during 2024; whereas the European institutions continue to engage regularly with stakeholders to discuss the practical aspects of the implementation of the TCA;

R. whereas, in terms of the EU’s internal implementation process of the TCA, the EU co-legislators completed the necessary regulatory framework by adopting Regulation (EU) 2023/657 of 15 March 2023 laying down rules for the exercise of the Union’s rights in the implementation and enforcement of the Withdrawal Agreement and the TCA;

Main conclusions

1. Highlights that the EU and the UK are close like-minded partners and allies, sharing common values and facing a common volatile security situation in Europe and its neighbourhood;

2. Recognises the UK’s significant role in the security and stability of the European continent; insists on the need for geographical coherence to ensure Europe’s security and stability and the resilience of the European industrial base;

3. Recalls that the EU-UK relationship is based on full respect for, and the faithful and timely implementation of, the Withdrawal Agreement, including the Windsor Framework, and the TCA;

4. Underlines that the TCA is one of the most ambitious and comprehensive trade agreements which the EU has concluded with a non-EU country; stresses, however, that while it does not and cannot be a substitute for EU membership and the corresponding access to the single market and the Customs Union, it nonetheless holds significant potential for future cooperation;

5. Underlines the importance of assessing and addressing potential challenges in the application of the Withdrawal Agreement and the TCA as early as possible, in order to avoid delays and issues in their application;

6. Welcomes that the implementation of the TCA continues to progress smoothly with all commitments due in 2023 and in 2024 either completed or on track; calls on the Commission to continue closely monitoring the correct application of the TCA;

7. Underlines the specific situation of Northern Ireland, due to its unique position with access to both the EU and UK internal markets, as a result of the Protocol on Ireland / Northern Ireland, which was concluded in order to safeguard the Good Friday Agreement despite the UK’s withdrawal from the EU; calls for the full, timely and faithful implementation of all the elements of the Windsor Framework in order to ensure lasting benefits as well as certainty and predictability for businesses and people in Northern Ireland, protect the all-island economy, safeguard the Good Friday Agreement in all its dimensions, and ensure smooth trade and cooperation, as well as protecting the integrity of the single market and the Customs Union; recalls that the EU has reacted quickly to implement the Windsor Framework and now expects the UK to promptly fully and faithfully implement its part thereof;

8. Calls for deepening the EU-UK partnership and fully exploiting the potential of the TCA in areas of mutual interest;

9. Regrets that the TCA does not include cooperation in the fields of foreign policy, security and defence; welcomes therefore the establishment of the biannual Foreign Policy Dialogue and the renewed commitment of the UK to engage with the EU on opportunities for closer and more permanent cooperation on foreign policy and security;

10. Calls for the EU and the UK to establish more structured and institutionalised cooperation on foreign, security and defence matters – aligned with the 2019 Political Declaration – and achieve this by means of a comprehensive partnership to address shared geopolitical security threats;

Institutional framework

11. Notes with satisfaction the effective functioning of the TCA joint bodies; calls for the continued transparency of their work;

12. Highlights the resumption of the EU-UK PPA in March 2025 after the 2024 European and UK elections; stresses its role in providing parliamentary oversight and scrutiny of the TCA implementation; calls on the Partnership Council to consider PPA recommendations; emphasises the importance of the continued participation of Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales as observers;

13. Welcomes civil society engagement in TCA implementation; highlights the well-balanced representation in the EU Domestic Advisory Group (DAG) and its valuable recommendations; calls on the Partnership Council to continue considering the diverse views of civil society;

Trade in goods

14. Recalls that the TCA provides a comprehensive and ambitious basis for the relationship between the parties, in particular for EU-UK trade, while ensuring a level playing field for fair competition and sustainable development; recalls that the TCA is the most unique free trade agreement in the history of the EU, as it focuses on limiting divergence rather than promoting convergence between trading partners; recalls that the TCA is also unique as it provides for zero tariffs and zero quotas for EU-UK trade;

15. Reiterates that the TCA is the delicate outcome of long and difficult negotiations and that it should therefore be fully implemented in good faith, as should the Withdrawal Agreement, in particular the Windsor Framework, for the mutual benefit of both parties; calls on both parties to make full use of the TCA’s huge potential to facilitate EU-UK trade to the greatest extent possible, while bearing in mind that the advantages of membership in terms of access to the EU single market and to the Customs Union, as well as of participation in other common and flanking policies, cannot, under any circumstances, be replicated through a free trade agreement;

16. Takes note of the Commission’s assessment that overall, the arrangements regarding trade in goods established in the TCA have been effective and functioned smoothly, although certain implementation difficulties have persisted;

17. Reiterates that the EU and the UK should cooperate closely on the subject of customs, including by ensuring an effective exchange of information, constructive dialogue and effective methods of cooperation between customs administrations, with the aim of simplifying clearance processes in order to minimise administrative and financial costs for all stakeholders;

18. Takes note that the UK Government could reduce barriers to trade with the EU by committing to voluntary and dynamic alignment across key sectors; welcomes the UK Government’s commitment to negotiate a comprehensive Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) agreement with the EU, as such an agreement would reduce the administrative and financial burdens on both sides and facilitate EU-UK agri-food trade, including trade between Great Britain and Northern Ireland;

19. Reiterates the need for enhanced cooperation between the EU and the UK to maintain the current, fair and rules-based international trade order; calls, in this regard, for additional joint efforts in working towards an inclusive and comprehensive reform of the WTO, answering current and future challenges in a deeply interlinked world, and actively working against any new danger of divisions in the global political and economic order, as well as unilateral and unjustified trade measures and tariffs that have hit both the EU and the UK recently;

Services, digital trade and investment

20. Takes note of the Commission’s assessment that the implementation of the TCA in the areas of services and investment, digital trade, intellectual property, public procurement and small and medium-sized enterprises has generally proceeded smoothly, with no major issues except for the question of the application of the UK’s sponsorship system for work visas to EU service providers;

Level playing field and competition policy

21. Reiterates that the UK should acknowledge the complications that would stem from any unnecessary systematic regulatory divergence, in particular for the protection of employment and social rights, the environment, personal data, State aid, digital trade and taxation, which would only create additional issues as regards level playing field commitments in the TCA, as well as for EU and UK businesses and EU-UK trade;

22. Calls on the Commission to continue to closely monitor regulatory divergences in the UK that could pose a risk of non-compliance with the TCA, notably in areas relevant to the level playing field such as subsidy control, taxation, labour and social standards, the environment and the climate; calls on the Commission to provide Parliament with access to the data obtained by publishing annual reports; highlights the particular challenge that regulatory divergence poses for Northern Ireland including in the area of trade, and underscores the need to ensure adequate early warning mechanisms;

Financial services

23. [opinion-giving committees];

Intellectual property, public procurement and small and medium-sized enterprises

24. [opinion-giving committees];

Environment and climate

25. [opinion-giving committees];

Food safety

26. [opinion-giving committees];

Public health

27. [opinion-giving committees];

Consumer protection

28. [opinion-giving committees];

Energy

29. [opinion-giving committees];

Transport

30. [opinion-giving committees];

Fisheries

31. [opinion-giving committees];

Social security coordination

32. [opinion-giving committees];

Participation in Union programmes

33. [opinion-giving committees];

Culture, youth and sport

34. [opinion-giving committees];

Affected regions

35. [opinion-giving committees];

Law enforcement and judicial cooperation in criminal matters

36. [opinion-giving committees];

Cooperation on foreign and security policy

37. Welcomes the strong EU-UK cooperation in response to Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine, including on sanctions, military, financial and diplomatic support, as well as efforts towards a just and lasting peace determined by Ukraine; commends the UK’s vital contribution to European security, to shaping a strong, unified European response to the war in Ukraine and in convening the ‘coalition of the willing’;

38. Highlights the good EU-UK pragmatic coordination on foreign and security matters to bring stability and prosperity to other regions in the world;

39. Urges the EU and the UK to swiftly establish a Security and Defence Partnership through a joint declaration setting out concrete commitments and launching a structured dialogue to address shared security challenges in Europe, using the maximum potential of enhanced cooperation in this field;

Cooperation in other areas

40. [opinion-giving committees];

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° °

41. Instructs its President to forward this resolution to the Council, the Commission, the Vice-President of the Commission / High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, the governments and parliaments of the Member States and the Government and Parliament of the United Kingdom.

ANNEX: ENTITIES OR PERSONS FROM WHOM THE RAPPORTEURS HAVE RECEIVED INPUT

Pursuant to Article 8 of Annex I to the Rules of Procedure, the rapporteurs declare that they received input from the following entities or persons in the preparation of the draft report prior to the adoption thereof in committee:

The list above is drawn up under the exclusive responsibility of the rapporteurs.

Where natural persons are identified in the list by their name, by their function or by both, the rapporteurs declare that they have submitted to the natural persons concerned the European Parliament’s Data Protection Notice No 484 (https://www.europarl.europa.eu/data-protect/index.do), which sets out the conditions applicable to the processing of their personal data and the rights linked to that processing.