What changed

B100152/2025

Follow up to the European Parliament non-legislative resolution on the social and employment aspects of restructuring processes: the need to protect jobs and workers’ rights

European Parliament resolution on social and employment aspects of restructuring processes: the need to protect jobs and workers’ rights

Resolution tabled pursuant to Rule 136(2) of the European Parliament's Rules of procedure

(2024/2829(RSP))

Reference numbers: 2024/2829(RSP) / B10-0143/2025 / P10_TA(2025)0039

The European Parliament,

Date of adoption of the resolution: 13 March 2025

– having regard to the Commission communication of 11 December 2019 on the European Green Deal (COM(2019)0640),

Competent Parliamentary Committee: Committee on Employment and Social Affairs

– having regard to the European Commission President’s Political Guidelines for the next European Commission 2024-2029, the mission letters to the Commissioners-designate and their replies to the written questionnaires from Parliament, and the hearings conducted in Parliament,

Brief analysis/ assessment of the resolution and requests made in it:

– having regard to the report by Mario Draghi entitled ‘The future of European competitiveness: A competitiveness strategy for Europe’ (the ‘Draghi report’),

The European Parliament calls on the Commission to strengthen the economic governance framework by a common investment instrument at EU level supporting the EU’s current and future priorities and reiterates its previous call on the Commission and the Council to reinforce the European instrument for temporary support to mitigate unemployment risks in an emergency instrument (SURE), including for the support of workers who would be temporarily laid off in the context of the green transition. It further asks for European investments in vital sectors and essential products to strengthen the EU’s strategic autonomy. The Commission is called upon to ensure that EU funding and state aid should support industrial competitiveness, quality job creation, and compliance with labour standards, including decent working conditions. The Parliament also calls on the Commission to revise procurement rules to promote collective bargaining and strengthen socially corporate responsibility. It asks the Commission to adopt trade policies that safeguard workers and small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), ensuring future trade agreements include labour clauses in line with the standards of the International Labour Organization (ILO).

– having regard to Rule 136(2) of its Rules of Procedure,

The European Parliament also calls on the Commission to present an ambitious quality jobs roadmap and implement the principles of the European Pillar of Social Rights. It also calls on the Commission to ensure the full involvement and consultation of social partners in the design and implementation of the upcoming European clean industrial deal. The resolution requests the Commission to track employment trends using new tools (e.g., Fair Transition Observatory) and ensure restructuring respects workers’ rights. It calls on the Commission and the Member States to work in close cooperation with social partners to identify restructuring risks early and develop comprehensive plans to address employment and economic stability needs and to support, in that regard, investment in the training and capacity building of trade unions and workers’ representatives engaged in restructuring processes. The resolution also calls on the Commission to take action to reinforce and promote collective bargaining including by mitigating the impact of restructuring on SMEs and supply chains through targeted support. It proposes that a framework directive should address employer obligations in subcontracting chains to protect workers’ rights.

A. whereas industry currently employs around 35 million people in the EU, generates several million industry-linked jobs and accounts for over 80 % of exports and has a dominant role in attracting foreign direct investments; whereas Europe has strong, centuries-old industrial traditions which provide a firm foundation for the efficient development of the EU’s productive sectors, grounded in the social economy and EU values;

Response to the requests in the resolution and overview of the action taken, or intended to be taken, by the Commission:

B. whereas further investment in research and innovation is crucial to boost the productivity and development of European industry; whereas digitalisation and artificial intelligence are vital across all industry sectors, driving competitiveness, fostering job creation and contributing to economic prosperity;

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C. whereas a core objective of restructuring processes should be the preservation of jobs and productivity;

Regarding the call for an ambitious competitive European industrial policy, the Commission Competitiveness Compass(COM(2025) 30 final) lays out the roadmap ahead for increasing the global competitiveness of EU businesses and announces actions for closing the innovation gap, a joint decarbonisation and competitiveness plan, as well as measures to steer investments and boost European excellence in technologies for tomorrow’s economy. Moreover, the Clean Industrial Deal (COM(2025) 85 final) of 26 February 2025 puts forward concrete initiatives to strengthen the business case for competitiveness and decarbonisation, as well as horizontal enablers necessary for a competitive economy, including cutting red tape and promoting quality jobs.

D. whereas the automotive industry has traditionally been one of Europe’s vital industrial engines; whereas the automotive supply chain in the EU is currently facing competitive disadvantages compared to non-EU countries, particularly in terms of costs, technology and regulatory constraints;

Furthermore, regarding the call to combine this with support to resilient and strong national public services, such as access to social protection, decent and affordable housing, affordable and available childcare, elderly care, and support for people with disabilities, as announced in the Political Guidelines 2024-2029 of the President, the Commission plans to draw up a new Action Plan on the Implementation of the European Pillar of Social Rights. To promote access to housing, the Commission aims to adopt a European Affordable Housing Plan and will work with the European Investment Bank on a pan-European investment platform to attract more private and public investment. It will allow Member States to double the planned cohesion policy investments in affordable housing and it will also revise state aid rules to enable housing support measures, especially for affordable energy-efficient and social housing. Central to this will be a swift and effective roll-out of the Social Climate Fund, which will notably help with renovations and access to affordable and energy-efficient housing.

E. whereas the current crisis in the automotive industry is self-inflicted and is driven by restrictive EU policies that have failed to consider their social impact on SMEs and businesses;

Finally, regarding the call to combine this policy with support to efficient and climate neutral transport, as announced in the Clean Industrial Deal, the Commission will put forward a Sustainable Transport Investment Plan, to de-risk investment in charging infrastructure and to support the production and distribution of renewable and low-carbon transport fuels. Moreover, according to the Industrial Action Plan for the European automotive sector (COM(2025) 95 final of 5 March 2025), the Commission will adopt a Recommendation on Transport Poverty.

F. whereas the decline in EU competitiveness is largely driven by an excessive administrative and regulatory burden; whereas President von der Leyen announced that the Commission would simplify existing legislation and eliminate overlapping rules; whereas the Commission seems to be persisting with excessive administrative and regulatory burdens that are stifling European industries and driving investments out of the EU;

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G. whereas, as acknowledged in the Draghi report, the Commission has imposed excessively restrictive and unrealistic climate policies, which have directly contributed to the deindustrialisation of the EU, the loss of millions of jobs, and a decline in European competitiveness;

Regarding the call to strengthen the governance framework with a common investment instrument, a central fiscal capacity would be an important tool to cope with large common investment needs and/or large economic shocks, especially in the euro area. However, there is currently no consensus on this issue among Member States. Recent policy responses in the EU to crises such as the Banking Union, the European Stability Mechanism, the European instrument for temporary support to mitigate unemployment risks in an emergency instrument (SURE), NextGenerationEU and the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) as well as REPowerEU have all strengthened the resilience of the EU and sent a clear message to markets that European countries stand together in solidarity in times of crisis.

H. whereas almost a quarter of Europe’s population lives in rural areas and is dependent on individual mobility; whereas affordable and accessible mobility for all EU citizens is a key prerequisite to maintaining social cohesion and freedom of movement, enabling access to jobs, education and healthcare, reducing regional disparities and preventing depopulation;

Moreover, the InvestEU programme is a common investment instrument at EU level, mobilising investment into the EU's key priorities and successfully incorporating emerging policy priorities thanks to its flexibility. All policy windows contribute to EU competitiveness and the creation of new jobs. The Social Investment and Skills Window of InvestEU supports the implementation of the European Pillar of Social Rights and contributes to upward social convergence.

1. Highlights that the EU’s competitiveness is primarily determined by its general business climate; calls therefore for the business environment for SMEs and strategic industries to be improved; calls on the Commission and the Member States to ensure the necessary investments are made in infrastructure to guarantee broad access in all European regions, in particular in rural areas and the regions covered by Article 174 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, as well as those investments necessary to encourage entrepreneurship, create new job opportunities and prevent regional depopulation;

On 19 March 2025, as a response to heightened security concerns, the Commission put forward a proposal for a Council Regulation to establish an emergency instrument “Security Action for Europe” (SAFE) (COM/2025/122 final). Once adopted by the Council, SAFE will provide financial assistance (loans) to help Member States to invest in key defence areas. On the same day, the Commission also adopted a comprehensive strategy on the Saving and Investment Union, aiming to ensure that all Member States benefit from strong, integrated financial markets, to facilitate private risk sharing. As announced by President von der Leyen in her Political Guidelines, the Commission will also propose a European Competitiveness Fund, as part of the next Multiannual Financial Framework, establishing an investment capacity that will support strategic sectors critical to the competitiveness of the EU, including research and innovation, and Important Projects of Common European Interest.

2. Calls on the Commission to make an urgent assessment of Green Deal policies, in order to determine the best solution for improving the competitiveness of European companies, namely either a revision or a suspension of these policies; underlines the need to prevent the deindustrialisation of the EU and to protect job opportunities within the Union; reiterates the importance of upholding the principle of technological neutrality;

Regarding the call to reinforce SURE, the Commission notes that it was established on a temporary basis to deal with the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. It proved successful in cushioning the impact of the pandemic on the labour market and mitigating unemployment risks, while helping workers preserve their income and help businesses stay afloat and retain staff. However, as the instrument expired on 31 December 2022, it cannot be reinforced.

3. Calls on the Commission to provide an impact assessment of the social impact of Green Deal policies, in particular in industry, in cooperation with social partners; underlines that relocation and offshoring of companies, along with the associated involuntary migration of labour, can lead to irreversible changes and further exacerbate regional disparities; urges the Commission therefore to address the problem of industrial and social ‘desertification’ of certain areas of the Member States;

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4. Underlines that in order to limit and hopefully reverse the current occupational crisis – in terms of both the skills crisis and layoffs – which affects both big companies and the supply chain, the loss of jobs and skills should not be viewed as inevitable; calls for the EU and the Member States to implement supporting measures for companies, at both the EU and trade association levels, as well as initiatives aimed at enhancing cross-sectoral skills and improving expertise within various industrial sectors;

Regarding the call to present an ambitious quality jobs roadmap and to implement the principles of the European Pillar of Social Rights, as announced in the Political Guidelines for 2024-2029 and reconfirmed in the Commission Work Programme for 2025, the Commission will prepare, together with social partners, a Quality Jobs Roadmap by the end of 2025. The Roadmap will support Member States and industry in providing decent working conditions, high standards for health and safety, access to training, ensuring fair job transitions, and collective bargaining.

5. Highlights the importance of keeping transformation costs for industry in the EU competitive, as well as the importance of short-term measures to reduce the regulatory burden and ensure consistency, predictability and appropriate timing and consultation for future legislation; calls on the Commission to follow the recommendations of the Draghi report in order to ensure that the EU remains a leader in the global automotive industry, and preserves jobs, R&D facilities and manufacturing within the EU; underlines that the radical shift of production away from the EU’s automotive sector, or the rapid takeover of EU plants and companies by state-subsidised competitors, should be avoided;

Regarding the call to ensure the full involvement and consultation of social partners in the design and implementation of the upcoming European clean industrial deal and to include the overall objective of ensuring job quality and stability at EU level, on 26 February, the Commission presented the Clean Industrial Deal. The European social partners from the most concerned sectors have been consulted ahead of the initiatives by the Commission through a dedicated meeting held by Executive Vice-Presidents Ribera, Séjourné and Mînzatu. The Clean Industrial Deal identifies six business drivers and one of them is to support skills and quality jobs for social fairness and a just transition. The Clean Industrial Deal will serve as a framework for engaging in a dialogue with industries to develop sectoral transition pathways. Social partners are part of the strategic dialogues on automotive industry, steel and raw materials and chemical industry which were already launched by the Commission.

6. Calls on the Commission to conduct competitiveness checks on every new legislative proposal, taking into account the overall impact of EU legislation on companies, as well as on other EU policies and programmes;

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7. Stresses that the ability to recruit and retain a skilled workforce is crucial for maintaining a competitive EU industrial sector; considers that education in future-oriented sectors, skills and competencies – particularly in vocational education and training, dual education systems, and digital skills – is essential to addressing current skills shortages; underlines that EU industry and enterprises should play a key role in planning and developing educational and training programmes in order to ease the transition to the labour market; believes that lifelong learning is essential to ensure the efficient and timely upskilling and reskilling of workers;

Regarding the calls to adopt trade policies that promote and protect quality jobs and for future trade agreements to include labour clauses in line with ILO standards to ensure that global trade protects workers and SMEs, in its trade policy, the EU asks its trading partners to respect international labour standards, guided by the 2022 communication on “The power of trade partnerships: together for green and just economic growth”. Free trade and investment agreements play an essential role in this regard, by including obligations to promote decent work through national laws and practices. This also includes regular follow-up to ensure that commitments are put into practice. While the focus is on cooperation, the 2022 communication also foresees the possibility of temporary suspension of trade preferences as a matter of last resort in case of violations of the ILO fundamental labour principles.

8. Calls on the Commission to reverse the decision to ban combustion engine vehicles as of 2035;

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9. Calls on the Commission to anticipate a safeguard clause to revise the 2025 targets for CO2 emissions; underlines that many companies will not be able to meet the deadlines and that this might lead to another wave of layoffs;

Regarding the call to further promote collective bargaining and the use of the social clause, and preferential treatment for companies whose workers are covered by collective agreements in the context of the forthcoming revision of the European Public Procurement Directive and the call for EU funding and State aid by Member States to be aligned with a European industrial policy, the current public procurement Directives already include several effective tools to ensure social inclusion and protection of the rights of workers in procurement contracts. They also require national authorities to ensure compliance with labour law and collective agreements in the execution of public contracts. To address remaining problems, as announced in the Competitiveness Compass and the Clean Industrial Deal, the Commission is carrying out an in-depth evaluation of the legislative framework, which will also serve to consider whether there is a need to promote the use of social clauses, enhancing social responsibility and sustainability in procurement. The Commission will make a proposal to revise the public procurement framework in Q4 2026; a draft version has recently been put up for a broad stakeholder consultation until 25 April 2025. The simplification of the rules and the introduction of EU preference and resilience elements into the new procurement legislation will also play a part in supporting the creation of decent European jobs and facilitating the use of social clauses in public procurement.

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Regarding the call for European investments in vital sectors and essential products to strengthen the EU’s strategic autonomy, the Commission notes that the digital and green transitions are crucial for the EU's future, and investments in areas such as zero-emission transport, renewable energy, clean tech, and digital technologies, are essential for achieving a sustainable and competitive economy. To investigate how to accelerate synergies between the digital and green transitions, with a focus on their impact on labour markets and working conditions, the Commission has launched the SYGREDT project (Assessing and promoting synergies between green and digital transitions). The project includes case studies and a European survey to collect primary data on the transition's effects on task content, skill requirements, and work organisation.

10. Instructs its President to forward this resolution to the Council and the Commission.

The Commission is also leveraging social innovations to support the transition, having selected 17 projects for funding in 2022. These projects, expected to be completed in 2026, aim to identify and address skills gaps, foster social acceptance of new technologies, and promote sustainable business models. By doing so, they will contribute to a fair and inclusive green and digital transition, ensuring that its benefits are shared by all and that no one is left behind.

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Regarding the invitation to monitor the trends in restructuring and their impact on employment, the Commission has been monitoring these trends using data from Eurofound’s European Restructuring Monitor (ERM). The ERM was launched in 2002 to monitor the employment impact of large-scale restructuring events in the EU. Over the years, the monitoring has been expanded from only collecting company restructuring cases to a compilation of datasets and tools that can help to understand restructuring in Europe. The ERM is an important source of information also for the yearly Commission services’ report on Labour Market and Wage Developments in Europe.

The upcoming EU Fair Transition Observatory will share evidence on the employment, social and distributional impacts of the green transition, using standardised indicators, collecting best practices and facilitating information sharing on relevant policy measures. The Observatory will consult social partners, civil society and other stakeholders. Its work will help monitor and facilitate the implementation of fair transition policies across the European Union, ensuring that the shift towards a climate-neutral economy is both equitable and inclusive.

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Regarding the call to reinforce and promote collective bargaining in full respect of the autonomy of the social partners and of the right of collective bargaining, the Commission confirmed its renewed commitment to this in the Political Guidelines 2024-2029. The Commission will first of all ensure that the existing instruments related to collective bargaining will lead to concrete progress in Member States. The Directive on adequate minimum wages contains provisions to promote collective bargaining on wages across all Member States. Member States with a collective bargaining coverage rate lower than 80% will also have to establish and communicate to the Commission their action plans to promote collective bargaining.

The Council Recommendation on strengthening social dialogue in the EU, adopted by the Council on 12 June 2023, provides for the first time guidance to Member States on how to best strengthen collective bargaining. By 7 December 2025, all Member States must submit to the Commission a list of measures, drawn up in consultation with social partners, to be taken or already taken to implement this Recommendation.

As announced in the Political Guidelines, and following up on the Val Duchesse Declaration of 31 January 2024, the Commission signed on 5 March a Pact for European Social Dialogue with European cross-industry social partners to boost and create the right conditions for mobilising the full potential of social dialogue at all levels. The announced Quality Jobs Roadmap should also help increase collective bargaining.

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Regarding the call to work in close cooperation with social partners to identify risks early and develop comprehensive plans to address employment and economic stability needs, the EU institutions and social partners regularly discuss employment and economic developments and related challenges in existing dedicated fora. The Tripartite Social Summit (TSS) is a biannual forum for dialogue between the EU institutions and the European social partners chaired by the President of the Commission and the President of the European Council. The discussions at the Spring 2025 TSS focused on restoring Europe's competitiveness as a place that attracts investment and creates and maintains quality jobs, in the context of an increasingly challenging geopolitical environment. The Council Presidency, the European Central Bank and the European Commission meet also twice a year with European social partners in the Macroeconomic Dialogue to discuss recent economic developments. The European and national social partners also take part in regular consultations organised by the Commission at key moments in the European Semester cycle and are also involved in the discussions of the Employment Committee.

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Regarding the call to support companies, including SMEs, undergoing restructuring processes in order to integrate into their plans the impacts on other European companies in their supply chain, it is of note that the European Social Fund Plus (ESF+), with its budget of EUR 142 billion (2021–2027), supports companies, employees, workers at risk of being affected by the industrial transition and unemployed people in multiple ways. It funds employment access, social inclusion, education and skills, helps workers and businesses adapt through lifelong guidance, skills recognition, coaching, outplacement, upskilling, and talent attraction. Nearly EUR 9 billion is allocated for the specific objective ‘adaptation of workers, enterprises and entrepreneurs to change’. Moreover, the Just Transition Fund also supports the economic diversification and reconversion of regions expected to be most negatively affected by the transition towards climate neutrality, including by support to small- and medium sized enterprises.

The Recovery and Resilience Facility supports employment and active labour market policies of Member States. Around EUR 31.6 billion is expected to be invested in employment support and the modernisation of labour market institutions during the duration of RRF. The investments often accompany structural reforms to increase the functioning and inclusiveness of the national labour markets. The reforms in particular focus on measures to support job creation and the transition to new sectors and job types, boost employment and improve labour market performance and resilience.

On 1 April 2025, the Commission adopted its proposal to broaden the scope of the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund for Displaced Workers (EGF) to also include assistance to workers affected by imminent job displacement. Companies undergoing restructuring should be enabled to request assistance in order to support the workers affected with active labour market policies, in particular up- and re-skilling measures. These should aim at mitigating the social consequences of restructuring and enable workers to transition into a new role or job.

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Regarding the calls to address shortages of skilled workers in strategic sectors in order to enhance its competitiveness, to take account of this in the proposals of the Commission for a Clean Industrial Deal and the Union of Skills, including by expanding the role of Centres of Vocational Excellence; and to improve the recognition of skills across Member States, the Union of Skills Communication (COM(2025) 90 final) was adopted by the Commission on 5 March 2025 and sets out actions, including addressing the themes highlighted by the Parliament in its Resolution. This is in line with the 2024-2029 Political Guidelines, where President Ursula von der Leyen stressed the need to raise skills levels in Europe.

Upskilling and reskilling are necessary to accompany restructuring and promote a just transition. The European Alliance for apprenticeships which since 2013 promotes the offer, quality, image of apprenticeships can help to tackle skills and labour shortages. The Pact and the EU Skills Academies already support public and private organisations with upskilling and reskilling, so they can thrive through the green and digital transitions. The Commission will strengthen these to make upskilling and reskilling of workers involved in restructuring a new norm. Announced in the Union of Skills, the Skills Guarantee Pilot, with an initial budget of EUR 10 million, is a new initiative that will help workers involved in restructuring processes. It will support companies hiring or training people that have been laid off for a certain number of months, to increase their employability and job perspectives. Furthermore, transnational university-business partnerships will be set up to train people for sectors with severe skills gaps.

The Union of skills also calls for strengthening the Centres of Vocational Excellence (CoVEs) to contribute to VET national reforms through private-public partnerships. CoVEs are key also for fostering the use of micro-credentials for recruitment and career purposes, focusing in particular on strategic sectors.

The European Commission is working on facilitating the portability of skills and qualifications in the EU internal market through the Skills Portability Initiative, as announced in the Union of Skills communication.

The ESF+, the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and Just Transition Fund (JTF) invest in promoting the adaptation of workers, enterprises and entrepreneurs to change, with a substantial budget allocated for skills development. The EGF and RRF also supports up- and re-skilling measures, also for workers whose employment will be affected by restructuring.

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Regarding the call to put in place further safeguards to ensure collective bargaining and to prevent the misuse of restructuring processes as a means to forego employers’ obligations, EU legislation ensures involvement of workers via their representatives ahead of management’s decision-making by means of informing and consulting workers, including in case of restructuring plans. This is set out in various Directives, notably generally in the Directive 2002/14 establishing a general framework for informing and consulting employees and specifically in Directive 1998/59 for collective redundancies, Directive 2001/23 in case of transfer of undertakings as well as Directive 2009/38 on European Works Councils in case of transnational issues that could affect workers at EU-scale companies. Member States must ensure the effective implementation of Directives. All Directives provide for the obligation to ensure appropriate measures in the event of non-compliance. According to the general principles of EU law, this means ensuring administrative or judicial procedures as well as sanctions that are effective, dissuasive, and proportionate in relation to the seriousness of the offence. It remains for the competent national authorities, notably the labour inspectorates and national courts, to ensure that also in case of restructuring employers comply with the national legislation on employment and social rights, including where it transposes the EU acquis.

Social partners play a central role in helping to anticipate, address and adapt the employment and social consequences of economic restructuring and the transitions to a digital and climate-neutral economy. As announced in the Clean Industrial Deal, the Quality Jobs Roadmap will provide support to workers in transitions. In this context, the Commission will discuss with social partners a framework to support restructuring processes at EU and Member States level. The framework will be focused on just transition, anticipation of change, quicker intervention when there is a threat of restructuring, and an improved information and consultation framework.

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Regarding the call to support companies, in particular SMEs, to prevent forced redundancies and to put in place mechanisms that help to avoid forced redundancies, the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund for Displaced Workers (EGF) can provide support to workers or self-employed displaced due to major restructuring events, including linked to digitalisation, automation and the transition to a low carbon economy. The fund allows the EU to cushion the adverse effects economic disruptions have on the workforce and to boost the EU’s economic competitiveness, while expressing solidarity with the dismissed workers. It co-finances personalised packages of active labour market policy measures, including trainings, re-trainings, job-search assistance, mentoring, entrepreneurship promotion and start-up grants, and time-limited allowances that support the participation in the measures, with the aim to equip workers with the skills needed to move into a different role, or to change jobs. The Commission has proposed to expand EGF support to make it faster and broader, allowing companies to trigger support and supporting workers affected by imminent job displacement.

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Regarding the call to consider the establishment of a framework directive to address the challenges and complexities associated with employers’ obligations in subcontracting chains and labour intermediaries in Europe, in close collaboration with the social partners, the Commission notes that workers in subcontracting chains, as every worker in the EU, are protected by labour rights established in EU law to ensure fair working conditions as well as a healthy and safe work environment. The Commission has committed to increasing its efforts towards implementation and enforcement, which will support an effective access to these rights on the ground. The preparation of the Quality Jobs Roadmap and of the Package on Fair Labour Mobility will provide the opportunity to take stock of what has already been done and discuss the best way forward to further secure workers’ rights in supply chains.

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Regarding the call to support the social partners in their efforts to include issues related to the green transition in collective bargaining at the appropriate levels, the 2023 Council Recommendation on social dialogue (C/2023/1389) advises Member States to ensure an enabling environment for bipartite and tripartite social dialogue that among other elements adapts to the digital age and promotes collective bargaining in the new world of work and a fair and just transition towards climate neutrality. Moreover, the Commission supports the implementation of the multiannual Work Programmes of 44 Sectoral and the cross-sectoral Social Dialogue Committees, often dealing with the impact of just transition. Issues related to the green transition feature in the work programmes of at least 19 out of the 44 Sectoral Social Dialogue Committees.