What changed

B100281/2026

B100240/2026

European Parliament resolution on the implementation of the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (UWWTD) and risks to the security of supply of medicines

(2026/2652(RSP))

– having regard to Directive (EU) 2024/3019 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2024 concerning urban wastewater treatment (the revised Urban(Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive),

– having regard to Article 191 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), and in particular the ‘polluterArticle pays’191 principle,thereof,

– having regard to the Commission staffDecision working(EU) document2022/591 of 26 October 2022 entitledthe ‘ImpactEuropean Assessment’Parliament (SWD(2022)0541),and accompanyingof the proposal for a directiveCouncil of the6 EuropeanApril Parliament2022 andon ofa theGeneral CouncilUnion concerningEnvironment urbanAction wastewaterProgramme treatmentto (COM(2022)0541),2030,

– having regard to the report of 10 December 2025 by the Commission’s Joint Research Centre entitled ‘Updated estimation of the costs of quaternary wastewater treatment in the EU’,

– having regard to Directive (EU) 2026/805 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 March 2026 amending Directive 2000/60/EC establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy, Directive 2006/118/EC on the protection of groundwater against pollution and deterioration and Directive 2008/105/EC on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy,

– having regard to the orders of the General Court in Cases T-169/25 (Cosmetics Europe v Parliament and Council) and T-158/25 (EFPIA v Parliament and Council), and in Joined Cases T-156/25, T-157/25, T-159/25 to T-168/25, T-170/25 and T-171/25, which dismissed actions brought by industry against the extended producer responsibility (EPR) provisions of the revised Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive as inadmissible owing to lack of individual concern, thereby confirming that such legal challenges do not suspend or affect the implementation of the directive,

– having regard to Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy (Water Framework Directive),

– having regard to the work of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development on EPR, including its policy guidance on EPR, which identifies EPR as a key tool for shifting environmental responsibility from municipalities and consumers to producers and for promoting eco-design and sustainable product life cycles,

– having regard to the Commission communications of 11 March 2019 entitled ‘European Union Strategic Approach to Pharmaceuticals in the Environment’ (COM(2019)0128), of 14 October 2020 entitled ‘Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability – Towards a Toxic-Free Environment’ (COM(2020)0667), of 12 May 2021 entitled ‘Pathway to a Healthy Planet for All – EU Action Plan: “Towards Zero Pollution for Air, Water and Soil”’ (COM(2021)0400), and of 4 June 2025 entitled ‘European Water Resilience Strategy’ (COM(2025)0280),

– having regard to the needCommission tostaff ensureworking adocument highimpact levelassessment of protection26 October 2022, accompanying the proposal for humana healthdirective of the European Parliament and of the environment,Council concerning urban wastewater treatment (SWD(2022)0541),

– having regard to the report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of December 2025 entitled ‘Updated estimation of the costs of quaternary wastewater treatment in the EU’,

– having regard to the orders of the General Court in Cases T-169/25 and T-158/25, as well as in Joined Cases T-156/25, T-157/25, T-159/25 to T-168/25, T-170/25 and T-171/25,

– having regard to the question to the Commission on the implementation of the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive and risks to the security of supply of medicines (O-000013/2026 – B10-0008/2026),

– having regard to Rules 142(5) and 136(2) of its Rules of Procedure,

A. whereas the micropollutants in wastewater, which predominately originate from pharmaceuticals and personal care products, are not effectively removed by conventional wastewater treatment and pose severe and well-documented risks to human health and the environment;

A. whereas the TFEU lays down that EU policy on the environment should aim at a high level of protection, taking into account the diversity of situations in the various regions of the EU, and that it should be based on the precautionary principle and on the principles that preventive action should be taken, that environmental damage should, as a priority, be rectified at source and that the polluter should pay;

B. whereas many municipalities and communities in the EU rely on bank filtration for their drinking water, resulting in water supplies that are increasingly contaminated with those micropollutants;

B. whereas micropollutants, which are found in all kinds of water bodies and are detected in all EU waters, pose serious damaging effects on aquatic life and human health, even in low concentrations, and are linked to cancer and endocrine-disrupting effects, and contribute to the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR); whereas the World Health Organization declared AMR an urgent global health crisis that is projected to cause more deaths globally than cancer by 2050;

C. whereas the introductionmicropollutants ofcan acause quaternaryrisks treatmentsuch as anbioaccumulation, additionaltoxicity and advanced treatment of urban wastewater in orderresistance to eliminate the broadestdegradation; possiblewhereas spectrumremoval of micropollutants isfrom indispensablecontaminated forwastewater drasticallyis reducingrequired theseto pollutantsavoid andits protectinghazardous publiceffects on health and the environment;

D. whereas the revised Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive introduced EPR, requiring that at least 80 % of the costs of removing micropollutants at the quaternary treatment stage be covered by the sectors responsible for 92 % of these pollutants, namely the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries, in line with the polluter pays principle set out in Article 191 TFEU;

D. whereas micropollutants in wastewater are not effectively removed by conventional wastewater treatment; whereas the recast Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (UWWTD) therefore introduces the obligation of quaternary treatment of wastewater, which removes micropollutants, notably via ozonation and/or filtering with activated carbon or advanced techniques such as nano-filtration using membranes; whereas the recast UWWTD requires the systematic upgrade of quaternary treatment in large treatment plants serving over 150 000 people (i.e. in large cities, as these are hotspots for the release of micropollutants) and only requires the upgrade of smaller treatment plants (serving between 10 000 to 150 000 people) if they are in areas at risk, the location of which the Member States must designate by 2030;

E. whereas the revised Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive was adopted with overwhelming majorities by the EU’s co-legislators, demonstrating broad political support and democratic legitimacy, which should provide public authorities, water operators and industry stakeholders with legal certainty in the implementation of its provisions;

E. whereas this additional quaternary treatment is essential to prevent serious environmental and public health concerns, notably in locations where downstream waters are used for bathing or for extracting and producing drinking water;

F. whereas the polluter pays principle is a binding cornerstone of EU environmental law, ensuring that those responsible for causing and profiting from pollution are also those required to cover the costs of its damage, and it must not be weakened under political or industrial pressure;

F. whereas the implementation of quaternary treatment will be gradual, starting in December 2033 at which point only 20 % of the larger plants and 10 % of the smaller plants will need to be upgraded, and full implementation will be achieved by December 2045;

G. whereas no robust, evidence-based analysis demonstrates that EPR under the revised Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive will lead to medicine shortages or significant price increases;

G. whereas extended producer responsibility (EPR) aims to internalise environmental externalities and should provide an incentive for producers to take into account environmental considerations along the life cycle of products, from design to end-of-life, effectively implementing the ‘polluter pays’ principle set out in Article 191 TFEU;

H. whereas recital 21 of the revised Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive explicitly recognises that Member States may apply proportionate measures and flexibilities to ensure that EPR obligations do not compromise the availability and affordability of essential medicines, including generics, thereby balancing public health objectives with environmental responsibilities;

H. whereas the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), in its work and policy guidance on EPR, has identified EPR as a key tool for shifting environmental responsibility from municipalities and consumers to producers and promoting eco-design and sustainable product life cycles;

I. whereas the revised Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive already provides for the monitoring of impacts on medicine prices and wider effects, and Article 30 thereof requires the Commission to carry out a comprehensive evaluation of the directive by 31 December 2033 and again by 31 December 2040, providing a legal basis for assessing real-world effects and, if necessary, proposing adjustments;

I. whereas data and analyses by the Commission and the JRC show that pharmaceuticals and cosmetics are the source of the highest share of potentially harmful and hard-to-biodegrade substances found in wastewater;

J. whereas the Commission estimates that, even in a scenario of full cost pass-through, the impact on medicine prices would amount to EUR 2.64 to EUR 3.20 per person per year by 2045, an estimate that was reconfirmed by the Joint Research Centre’s second study on the subject , published in December 2025, which took into account the final text adopted by the co-legislators;

J. whereas Article 9 of the recast UWWTD therefore establishes an EPR system whereby producers responsible for the bulk of micropollutants in wastewater – pharmaceuticals and cosmetics – finance at least 80 % of wastewater quaternary treatment in accordance with the quantities and hazardousness of the products they place on the market;

K. whereas while acknowledging the comparatively lower profit margins of the generics industry and recognising that this sector is expected to bear a significant share of the costs associated with quaternary treatment, the staged deadlines under Article 8 of the revised Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive, requiring 20 % coverage by 2033, nonetheless provide Member States with sufficient time to adjust the pricing of contracts through new tendering procedures with generics companies so as to accommodate the additional estimated cost of EUR 0.53 to EUR 0.64 per person per year in a scenario of full cost pass-through, thereby allowing companies to absorb these costs while preserving meaningful profit margins;

K. whereas this EPR system aims to finance the removal of micropollutants from wastewater and to encourage the development of less toxic, more biodegradable products, which are exempted from EPR; whereas the EPR system incentivises and rewards innovation as regards less harmful substances in the concerned sectors;

L. whereas even under a scenario of full cost pass-through, the resulting increase in the price of medicines remains marginal when compared to the substantial long-term healthcare expenditures associated with diseases linked to micropollutant exposure, such as cancer and reproductive disorders, which already impose a significantly increased burden on public healthcare systems;

L. whereas, according to the Commission impact assessment accompanying the proposal for a directive concerning urban wastewater treatment, the potential increase in the costs of products or the potential reduction in the profit margins of the industries placing products on the EU market resulting from the application of EPR would be marginal at EU level and would not endanger the affordability, availability or accessibility of those products on the EU market; whereas the Commission estimates that even in a scenario of full cost pass-through, the impact on medicine prices would amount to EUR 2.64-3.20 per person per year by 2045; whereas this estimate was reconfirmed by a second study into the subject from the JRC, entitled ‘Updated estimation of the costs of quaternary wastewater treatment in the EU’ and published in December 2025, which took into account the final text adopted by the co-legislators;

M. whereas the argument, brought forward by the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries, that EPR would undermine the competitiveness of the EU’s pharmaceutical sector, is unfounded, as the obligation applies uniformly to all companies placing products on the EU market, whether produced within or outside the EU, ensuring a level playing field and preventing unfair competitive advantages;

M. whereas there is no evidence to suggest that EPR under the recast UWWTD will lead to medicine shortages or hamper the access, availability or affordability of medicines;

N. whereas public healthcare systems in the Member States are fully capable of adapting reimbursement mechanisms in order to guarantee access to essential medicines;

N. whereas the orders of the General Court in Cases T-169/25 and T-158/25, as well as in Joined Cases T-156/25, T-157/25, T-159/25 to T-168/25, T-170/25 and T-171/25, dismissed actions brought by industry against the EPR provisions of Directive (EU) 2024/3019 as inadmissible for lack of individual concern, thereby confirming that such legal challenges do not suspend or affect the implementation of the directive;

O. whereas the directive provides significant flexibility to the Member States in designing EPR schemes and calculating contributions, including mechanisms to ensure that contributions are proportionate and transparent;

O. whereas the recast UWWTD explicitly states that Member States should take into consideration the possible impacts of the application of the requirements of EPR on the accessibility, availability and affordability of medicines, as well as the possible impacts of the application of those requirements on the level playing field; whereas the recast UWWTD allows Member States to take proportionate measures and utilise flexibilities to ensure that EPR obligations do not compromise the availability and affordability of essential medicines, including generic medicines;

P. whereas the transposition deadline of 31 July 2027 and the application of EPR obligations from 31 December 2028 onwards provide sufficient time for careful and balanced national implementation, and the staged deadlines for quaternary treatment under Article 8, requiring 20 % coverage by 2033, 60 % by 2039, and full coverage by 2045, reflect a gradual, realistic roll-out based on technical and financial capacity;

P. whereas the recast UWWTD provides for the monitoring of its impacts on medicine prices and of any wider effects and requires the Commission to carry out a comprehensive evaluation of the directive by 31 December 2033 and again by 31 December 2040 under Article 30 thereof, providing a legal basis to assess real-world effects and, if necessary, propose adjustments;

Q. whereas any weakening or removal of EPR would shift billions of euro in costs onto municipalities and citizens, exacerbating social inequalities and placing an unfair burden on households, including the most vulnerable ones;

Q. whereas the recast UWWTD provides significant flexibility to Member States in designing EPR schemes and calculating contributions, including mechanisms to ensure that contributions are proportionate and transparent;

R. whereas EPR creates essential incentives for eco-innovation, encouraging the development of less polluting and more biodegradable products, thereby reducing costs over time;

R. whereas the phased deadlines under Article 8 of the recast UWWTD, requiring only 20 % coverage by the end of 2033, provide Member States with sufficient time to adjust the pricing of contracts for generic medicines through new tendering procedures with generic companies, to accommodate the additional estimated cost of EUR 0.53-0.64 per person per year in a scenario of full cost pass-through, thereby allowing the generics industry to absorb these costs while preserving significant profit margins;

S. whereas any delay, suspension or weakening of EPR would create legal and financial uncertainty, risk delaying urgently needed investment in wastewater infrastructure and undermine environmental and public health objectives;

S. whereas, even in a scenario of full cost pass-through, the resulting increase in the price of medicines remains marginal when compared to the cost of non-action, as the substantial long-term healthcare expenditure associated with diseases linked to micropollutant exposure, such as cancer and reproductive disorders, already impose a pointedly greater burden on public health systems and are expected to rise significantly;

1. Reaffirms its unequivocal support for the full, timely and ambitious implementation of the revised Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive;

T. whereas public health systems in the Member States are fully capable of adapting their reimbursement mechanisms in order to guarantee access to essential medicines;

2. Strongly defends EPR as a non-negotiable application of the polluter pays principle and rejects any attempt to dilute, delay or dismantle it;

U. whereas the obligation applies uniformly to all companies placing products on the EU market, whether produced inside or outside the EU, ensuring a level playing field and preventing unfair competitive advantages;

3. Firmly rejects the spreading of alarmist and unsubstantiated narratives by parts of the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries regarding alleged risks to the security of supply of medicines;

V. whereas the recast UWWTD obliges the Commission, on the basis of the results of urban wastewater monitoring and the most recent scientific data, to regularly evaluate whether other products should be included in the EPR system;

4. Calls on the Commission to resist political and industrial pressure and to uphold the integrity of the revised Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive in its entirety;

W. whereas the recast UWWTD was adopted with overwhelming majorities by the co-legislators, demonstrating broad political support and democratic legitimacy;

5. Demands that any assessment of impacts on medicine availability be strictly evidence-based, transparent and performed by independent scientific bodies;

X. whereas the ‘polluter pays’ principle is a necessary cornerstone of EU environmental law, ensuring that those responsible for causing and profiting from pollution are also those required to cover the costs of the damage it causes; whereas the ‘polluter pays’ principle must not be weakened as a result of political or industrial pressure;

6. Calls on the Member States and the Commission to make full use of existing flexibilities within the directive to address specific and duly justified concerns related to generic medicines, without undermining EPR;

Y. whereas any delay, weakening or removal of EPR as regards the treatment of urban wastewater would shift billions of euro in costs onto municipalities, businesses and citizens, exacerbating social inequalities and placing an unfair burden on households, including the most vulnerable, and would seriously hamper the necessary efforts to prevent pollution from harmful micropollutants;

7. Calls on the Member States to proactively take the necessary measures to ensure that the staged implementation of Article 8 of the revised Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive is coordinated with contractual arrangements with generic pharmaceutical companies, so as to allow these companies to absorb the additional costs while maintaining viable profit margins, to anticipate these costs in national healthcare budgets, and to provide guidance or support where needed to facilitate fair cost allocation and ensure market stability;

Z. whereas any delay, weakening or removal of EPR would also create legal and financial uncertainty, notably for drinking water operators, and would risk delaying urgently needed investments in wastewater infrastructure, thereby undermining environmental and public health objectives;

8. Stresses that access to medicines and the protection of human health and the environment are not mutually exclusive and must be pursued simultaneously, without allowing one to be used as a pretext for weakening the other;

AA. whereas the new environmental quality standards, in particular the nine pharmaceutical environmental quality standards under the Water Framework Directive, cannot be achieved without advanced and additional water treatment; whereas even a ‘stop-the-clock’ approach under the UWWTD would not remove the obligation for Member States to implement the quaternary treatment required to comply with the Water Framework Directive’s environmental quality standards, albeit without the necessary funding;

9. Calls on the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries to assume their responsibility, cease obstructionist lobbying practices and invest in the development of substances in their products that do not generate micropollutants and that biodegrade rapidly;

AB. whereas quaternary treatment is more costly per m³ in smaller urban wastewater treatment plants compared to larger-scale facilities; whereas this is likely to disproportionately disadvantage rural areas, with local businesses and farmers bearing a greater burden if the EPR scheme were to be abolished;

10. Warns that shifting costs to municipalities would lead to significant increases in water tariffs, disproportionately affecting low-income households, small businesses and farmers;

1. Underlines the need to better protect human health and the environment, as part of an ambitious approach to tackling pollution from all sources, and to move towards a toxic-free environment, notably by tackling pollution of hazardous micropollutants, which present a considerable and acute threat to health and the environment;

11. Reiterates that undermining EPR would constitute a direct violation of the polluter pays principle as enshrined in the Treaties and a step backwards for EU environmental and public health policy;

2. Recalls that environmental policy should be based on the precautionary principle and on the principles that preventive action should be taken, that environmental damage should, as a priority, be rectified at source and that the polluter should pay;

12. Instructs its President to forward this resolution to the Council, the Commission and the governments and parliaments of the Member States.

3. Reaffirms its clear support for the full, timely and ambitious implementation of the recast UWWTD, including the timely and correct implementation of an effective EPR system, in order to provide an effective and fair foundation for the ‘polluter pays’ principle and to ensure sufficient funds for the necessary treatment of urban wastewater;

4. Denounces any and all opportunistic and unsubstantiated efforts by ‘Big Pharma’ and the cosmetics industry to delay, weaken or suspend the application of the ‘polluter pays’ principle; rejects any false claims about the impacts of EPR on the accessibility, availability and affordability of medicines;

5. Warns that shifting costs from the polluters to municipalities would lead to significant increases in water tariffs, disproportionately driving up costs for all water users, notably including vulnerable citizens, farmers and small businesses;

6. Warns that failure to ensure the environmental protection of drinking water risks shifting a substantial financial burden on to future generations;

7. Recalls that, under the Water Framework Directive, Member States are required to comply with environmental quality standards, including nine standards for pharmaceuticals, and warns that the abolition of the EPR scheme would result in a lack of adequate financial resources to comply with the standards;

8. Calls on the Commission and the Member States to uphold the integrity of the recast UWWTD in its entirety, and to ensure that all data used during its implementation is strictly evidence-based, transparent and free from undue industry influence;

9. Invites the Member States and the Commission to use the existing flexibilities under the UWWTD to address specific and duly justified concerns related to generic medicines, without undermining EPR;

10. Recalls that in line with the One Health approach, the protection of human, animal and environmental health is intimately interlinked and entwined; underlines that access to medicines and environmental protection are not mutually exclusive and must be pursued simultaneously, without allowing one to be used as a pretext to weaken the other;

11. Urges ‘Big Pharma’ and the chemical industry to stop pursuing their obstructionist, fact-free policies of diluting and delaying much-needed environmental measures, and to finally start contributing to a toxic-free environment, by embracing the EPR and by developing products that are safe and sustainable by design;

12. Calls for a timely extension of the EPR system to other sources of micropollutants, including pesticides;

13. Instructs its President to forward this resolution to the Council, the Commission and the governments and parliaments of the Member States.